@article {428,
	title = {Global change and marine communities: Alien species and climate change},
	journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {<p>Anthropogenic influences on the biosphere since the advent of the  industrial age are increasingly causing global changes. Climatic change  and the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are  ranking high in scientific and public agendas, and other components of  global change are also frequently addressed, among which are the  introductions of non indigenous species (NIS) in biogeographic regions  well separated from the donor region, often followed by spectacular  invasions. In the marine environment, both climatic change and spread of  alien species have been studied extensively; this review is aimed at  examining the main responses of ecosystems to climatic change, taking  into account the increasing importance of biological invasions.Some  general principles on NIS introductions in the marine environment are  recalled, such as the importance of propagule pressure and of  development stages during the time course of an invasion. Climatic  change is known to affect many ecological properties; it interacts also  with NIS in many possible ways. Direct (proximate) effects on  individuals and populations of altered physical-chemical conditions are  distinguished from indirect effects on emergent properties (species  distribution, diversity, and production). Climatically driven changes  may affect both local dispersal mechanisms, due to the alteration of  current patterns, and competitive interactions between NIS and native  species, due to the onset of new thermal optima and/or different  carbonate chemistry.As well as latitudinal range expansions of species  correlated with changing temperature conditions, and effects on species  richness and the correlated extinction of native species, some invasions  may provoke multiple effects which involve overall ecosystem  functioning (material flow between trophic groups, primary production,  relative extent of organic material decomposition, extent of  benthic-pelagic coupling). Some examples are given, including a special  mention of the situation of the Mediterranean Sea, where so many species  have been introduced recently, and where some have spread in very large  quantities.An increasing effort by marine scientists is required, not  only to monitor the state of the environment, but also to help  predicting future changes and finding ways to mitigate or manage them.</p>},
	keywords = {alien species, biological invasion, changement climatique, changement global, climate, climate change, distribution, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, diversity, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, environment, esp{\`e}ce invasive, global change, impact, interaction, invasion biologique, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, richness, species distribution, temperature},
	author = {A. Occhinpinti-Ambrogi}
}
