@article {317, title = {Assessing effects of fishing prohibition on Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows in the Marine Natural Reserve of Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls}, journal = { Aquatic Botany}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

The potential of alleviated fishing pressure measures established at the Marine Natural Reserve of Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls to affect phenological characters of P. oceanica, the main canopy-forming seagrass, was studied. Our results show differences in some leaf parameters between meadows under fishing prohibition measures compared to those without. In addition shallow P. oceanica meadows inside MPAs had lower non-structural carbohydrate content, yet are able to maintain themselves and, moreover, with an increased density. On the other hand, sexual reproduction was educed inside protected areas.

}, keywords = {assessment, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, density, effectiveness, fishing prohibition, France, grazing, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, natural reserve, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, protection effectiveness, Sarpa salpa, seagrass, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {B. Ferrari and S. Planes and N. Raventos} } @article {393, title = {Biological and socioeconomic implications of recreational boat fishing for the management of fishery resources in the marine reserve of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean)}, journal = { Fisheries Research}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

A survey of coastal recreational boat fishing was conducted in summer 2006 in the marine reserve of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean) to assess the biological and socioeconomic implications of this leisure activity. Recreational boat fishers employ four different fishing techniques: bottom fishing rod, fluixa, trolling and surface fishing rod. Although the targeted species depend on the fishing method used, a total of 33 fish species were identified in the catch (8 were pelagic or benthopelagic and the rest were demersal). Fishing effort was high since fishers fished an average of 4 h/day, 8 days/month and nearly 6 months/year. Apart from the highly varied exploitation of the fauna, recreational fishing in Cap de Creus has a large economic effect on the local economy since the majority of fishers were visitors who were spending holidays in one of the villages belonging to the Park, where most of expenditures related to angling activities were made. Overall, results highlight the pressure that recreational boat fishing exerts on fish communities, particularly on littoral, demersal ones. Considering these biological and socioeconomic implications, the competition between recreational and artisanal fishers for littoral resources and the low level of compliance with the current sport fishing regulations, the implementation of a comprehensive management strategy in Mediterranean costal areas is needed.

}, keywords = {artisanal fishery, boating, Cape Creus, economic effect, economy, fauna, fish, fishery, fishery impact, fishing prohibition, littoral, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, protected area, recreationnal fishery, regulation, socioeconomic aspects, Spain, western Mediterranean}, author = {J. Lloret and V. Riera and D. Caballero and N. Zaragoza} } @proceedings {518, title = {Conclusions of the Workshops of the MedPAN INTERREG IIIC Project 2005-2007 / Conclusions des ateliers de travail du projet INTERREG IIIC MedPAN 2005 - 2007}, year = {2008}, publisher = {WWF-France}, edition = {Piante,C.}, abstract = {

This document summarizes the conclusions of the MedPAN network{\textquoteright}s 7 workshops held between May 2005 and June 2007 within the framework of the INTERREG IIIC MedPAN project. Each of these workshops focused on a topic related to one or more priority management issues identified by the managers of Mediterranean marine protected areas within the MedPAN project with the aim of discussing these issues and encouraging exchanges of experiences between managers.The workshop and the topics dealt with were the following: Education and communication, Management planning, Sustainable management of touris, Financing and economic impact of MPAs, Sustainable management of fisheries and surveillance, Consultation and consensus building and Management of Habitats and Species.Ce document fait la synth\èse des conclusions des 7 ateliers de travail du r\éseau MedPAN qui se sont tenus entre mai 2005 et juin 2007 dans le cadre du projet INTERREG IIIC MedPAN. Chacun de ces ateliers a port\é sur un th\ème correspondant

}, keywords = {awareness, communication, concertation, conservation, consultation and consencus building, economy, education, financement, fishery, gestion, habitat, impact, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, network, planning, protected area, r{\'e}seau, surveillance, sustainable fishery, sustainable tourism, tourism}, author = {WWF-MedPAN} } @article {352, title = {Italian marine reserve effectiveness: Does enforcement matter?}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have become popular tools worldwide for ecosystem conservation and fishery management. Fish assemblages can benefit from protection provided by MPAs, especially those that include fully no-take reserves. Fish response to protection can thus be used to evaluate the effectiveness of marine reserves. Most target fish are highlevel predators and their overfishing may affect entire communities through trophic cascades.In the Mediterranean rocky sublittoral, marine reserves may allow fish predators of sea urchins to recover and thus whole communities to be restored from coralline barrens to macroalgae. Such direct and indirect reserve effects, however, are likely to be related to the enforcement implemented. In Italy, many MPAs that include no-take reserves have been declared, but little effort has been spent to enforce them. This is a worldwide phenomenon (although more common in some regions than others) that may cause MPAs and reserves to fail to meet their targets. We found that 3 of 15 Italian marine reserves investigated had adequate enforcement, and that patterns of recovery of target fish were related to enforcement. No responses were detected when all reserves were analyzed as a whole, suggesting enforcement as an important factor to be considered in future studies particularly to avoid that positive ecological responses in properly managed reserves can be masked by neutral/negative results in paper parks. Positive responses were observed for large piscivores (e.g. dusky groupers) and sea urchin predators at reserves where enforcement was effective. Those reserves with low or null enforcement did not differ from fished areas.

}, keywords = {assemblage, benefit, conservation, dusky, ecosystem, effectiveness, enforcement, fish, fish assemblage, fishery, Italy, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, reserve effect, sea urchin, western Mediterranean, zoning plan}, author = {P. Guidetti and A. Pais and M. Murenu and A. Molinari and S. Bussotti and M. Milazzo and N. Spano and A. Cau and R. Cattaneo-Vietti and G. Carrada and F. Boero and T. Agardy and R. Balzano and R. Chemello and L. Tunesi and G. Fulvio Russo and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara and A. Manganaro and S. Greco} } @article {266, title = {Marine Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Situation, Problems and Prospects for Future Research}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, year = {2008}, chapter = {367-376}, abstract = {

Mediterranean marine biodiversity has received only a fraction of the attention accorded to its terrestrial counterpart, despite the great cultural and economic importance that the sea has been having for the Mediterranean countries. A rough estimate of more than 8500 species of macroscopic marine organisms should live in the Mediterranean Sea, corresponding to somewhat between 4\% and 18\% of the world marine species. This is a conspicuous figure if one considers that the Mediterranean Sea is only 0.82\% in surface area and 0.32\% in volume as compared to the world ocean. The high biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea may be explained by historical (its tradition of study dates older than for almost any other sea), paleogeographic (its tormented geological history through the last 5 my has been determining the occurrence of distinct biogeographic categories), and ecological (its variety of climatic and hydrologic situations within a single basin has probably no equals in the world) reasons. Present-day Mediterranean biodiversity is undergoing rapid alteration under the combined pressure of climate change and human impact, but protection measures, either for species or ecosystems, are still scarce. To understand the role and patterns of Mediterranean marine biodiversity, marine ecological research should: forst, re-value those scientific areas currently unfashionable with funding agencies (systematics, biogeography and taxonomy); second, start monitoring biodiversity with a long-term approach at a wholeMediterranean scale, possibly through an internationally co-ordinated network of marine protected areas.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, biogeography, climate, climate change, ecosystem, history, human impact, impact, long-term monitoring, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, network, ocean, protected area, protection, research}, author = {Bianchi and Marine Pollution Bulletin} } @article {294, title = {Marine reserves: size and age do matter}, journal = {Ecology Letters}, year = {2008}, chapter = {481-489}, abstract = {

Marine reserves are widely used throughout the world to prevent overfishing and conserve biodiversity, but uncertainties remain about their optimal design. The effects of marine reserves are heterogeneous. Despite theoretical findings, empirical studies have previously found no effect of size on the effectiveness of marine reserves in protecting commercial fish stocks. Using 58 datasets from 19 European marine reserves( dont Cabo de Palos, Tabarca , San Antonio , Columbretes , Medes Islands , Cerbere-Banyuls , Cap Couronne, Carry-le-Rouet , Bouches de Bonifacio, Sinis Mal di Ventre), we show that reserve size and age do matter: Increasing the size of the no-take zone increases the density of commercial fishes within the reserve compared with outside; whereas the size of the buffer zone has the opposite effect. Moreover, positive effects of marine reserve on commercial fish species and species richness are linked to the time elapsed since the establishment of the protection scheme. The reserve size-dependency of the response to protection has strong implications for the spatial management of coastal areas because marine reserves are used for spatial zoning.

}, keywords = {assemblage, biodiversity, Bouches de Bonifacio, buffer zone, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, Columbretes, C{\^o}te Bleue, density, design, effectiveness, fish, fish assemblage, France, heterogeneity, island, Italy, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, network, no-take area, protected area, protection, San Antonio, Sinis - Mal di Ventre, size, Spain, species richness, Tabarca, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {Claudet and Osenberg and Benedetti-Cecchi and Domenici and Garcia-Charton and P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and Badalamenti and Bayle-Sempere and Brito and Bulleri and Culioli and Dimech and Falcon and Guala and Milazzo and Sanchez-Meca and Somerfield and Stobart and Vandeperre and Valle and Planes} } @article {437, title = {Models and indicators for assessing conservation ans fisheries-related effects of marine protected areas}, journal = {Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.}, volume = {65}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

Two kinds of approaches have been used to assessing conservation and fisheries-related effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) : (i) statistical modelling based on fiel data and (ii) mathematical modelling quantifying the consequences of MPAs on the dynamics of populations, communities, and fisheries. Statictical models provide a diagnostic on the impact od MPAs on the ecosystem and resources; they are also needed for devising and assessing sampling designs for monitoring programs. Dynamics models enable exploration of teh conseqences of MPA designs ans other management policies. We briefly review how each of these approaches has been implemented up to now in the literature and identify potential indicators of MPA effects that can be obtained from each approach to provide scientific advice for managers. Methodologicals gaps that impede the assessment of MPA effects and the constryction of appropirate indicatoes are the discussed, and recent developments in the respect are presented. We finally propose ways to reconcile the two approaches based in their complementarity to derive suitable indicators to support decision making. In this respect, we suggest in addition that MPA managers should be associated from the beginning to the design ans construction of indicators.

}, keywords = {assessment, conservation, decision making, design, ecosystem, effectiveness, fishery, fishery impact, impact, indicator, management, marine protected area, methodology, monitoring, policy, population, protected area, review, staff}, author = {D. Pelletier and J-A. Garcia-Charton and L. Benedetti-Cecchi and J. Ferraris and J. Claudet} } @article {354, title = {Protection effects on fish assemblages, and comparison of two visual-census techniques in shallow artificial rocky habitats in the northern Adriatic Sea}, journal = {Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

Fish assemblages associated with shallow (4^7m deep) artificial rocky habitats (i.e. breakwaters) have been assessed between July 2002 and September 2003, at the marine protected area of Miramare and adjacent areas outside the reserve (northern Adriatic sea). Our purpose was to: (1) detect possible differences between {\textquoteright}protected vs fished{\textquoteright} breakwaters; and (2) compare two visual-census techniques for fish assessment (i.e. strip transects vs stationary points). The fish assemblages observed between protected and frshed breakwaters during all four sampling periods were statistically di?erent. More fish taxa were found at the protected than fished breakwaters, while there was no difference in total fish density. Most fish species targeted by fisheries had a greater density (e.g. Sciaena umbra, Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus aurata, Diplodus vulgaris, Diplodus sargus and Diplodus puntazzo) and/or size (e.g. S. aurata and D. annularis) at the protected than fished breakwaters. There was a significant difference in fish assemblages due to assessment method. In general, the number of taxa was greater when assessed by strip transects than stationary points.Total fish density was almost unaffected by the method used, while total density of demersal fish (i.e. excluding schooling species) tended to be greater when evaluated by strip transects, although the difference was statistically significant only in one sampling period out of four. These results indicate that protection from fishing may have the potential to influence fish assemblages associated with breakwaters. Additionally, caution should be used when comparing fish assemblage data collected by different visual assessment techniques.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, assemblage, assessment, comparison, density, Dicentrarchus labrax, Diplodus fish, Diplodus puntazzo, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, fish, fish assemblage, fish density, fishery, habitat, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Miramare, Moronidae, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, Sciaena umbra, Sciaenidae, size, sparidae, Sparus aurata, transects, unprotected area, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {P. Guidetti and F. Boero and R. Odorico and C. Viva and L. Verginella} } @article {353, title = {Community-wide effects of marine reserves in the Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

We investigated the community-wide effects of no-take marine reserves at the regional scale in the Mediterranean Sea. Reserves (Cabo de Gata, Cabo de Palos, Cabrera , Medes, Banyuls-sur-Mer, Portofino, Cinque Terre , Scandola, Ustica Island , Torre Guaceto, Tremiti Islands, Miramare) had general positive effects of protection on fish targeted by fishing, and variable effects on non-target species. Differences in the structure of fish assemblages (in terms of abundance of species and trophic groups) were greater between geographic locations than when compared among all protected and adjacent fished areas at the regional scale. These results suggest that the assemblage-wide response to protection at the species level may be spatially idiosyncratic, as a function of local factors. However, the functional (trophic group) response of the fish assemblages to protection appears to be more general. Response of fish assemblages to protection was significantly related to reserve age (i.e. duration of protection) only when evaluated at functional level, whereas reserve size did not appear to influence fish assemblages at either species or functional level. Reserves can enhance trophic cascades and ecological shifts once the density of fish predators of sea urchins reaches a density threshold of about 15 adult sea breams (Diplodus sargus and D. vulgaris, the most important sea urchin predators) per 100 m2. These non linearities in the community-wide effect of reserves suggest that caution is needed in simplistically treating reserves and unprotected areas as 2 experimental treatments in ecological studies.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, Alboran Sea, assemblage, Balearic Islands, Cabrera, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, Cinque Terre, Corsica, density, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, echinoderm, fish, fish assemblage, France, island, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Miramare, Portofino, predation, protection, protection measure, Sardinia, scale, Scandola, sea urchin, size, Spain, sparidae, Torre Guaceto, Tremiti, trophic cascad, unprotected area, Ustica, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {P. Guidetti and E. Sala} } @article {308, title = {Comparaison des inventaires de poissons dans les aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es de M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e : influence de la surface et de l{\textquoteright}anciennet{\'e}}, journal = {Cybium}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Les inventaires r{\'e}alis{\'e}s dans 8 r{\'e}serves marines de M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e ont {\'e}t{\'e} compar{\'e}s statistiquement apr{\`e}s avoir {\'e}t{\'e} compl{\'e}t{\'e}s : Port-Cros (France), Lavezzi et Scandola (Corse, France), Monaco, M{\`e}des (Espagne), Termiti, Torre Guaceto et Porto Cesareo (Italie). Ces aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es pr{\'e}sentent des biotopes comparables, mais des dates de cr{\'e}ation (1963, Port-Cros

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, biotope, census, comparison, Corsica, diversity, fish, France, inventaire, inventory, Ionian Sea, island, Italy, Lavezzi, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, population, Port-Cros, Porto Cesareo, scale, Scandola, scuba-diving, size, Spain, species richness, surveillance, Torre Guaceto, Tremiti, western Mediterranean}, author = {F. Dufour and P. Francour and P. Guidetti} } @article {466, title = {The effect of protection on fish populations in the Ses Negres Marine Reserve (NW Mediterranean, Spain)}, journal = {Science Marine}, volume = {71}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

This work is the result of a 3-year monitoring programme for assessing the effect that the Ses Negres marine reserve has had on fish populations. Species richness (based on fish species that are considered to be reserve effect indicators), and the size structure of 4 species vulnerable to angling and spear fishing were studied by visual censuses conducted both inside and outside the marine reserve. Analysis of fish populations inside the reserve showed a reserve effect (larger sizes, higher abundance and richer fish assemblages) when compared to the non-reserve sites, especially by the end of the study period. The results highlight the importance of marine reserves for the recovery of fish populations. Future management plans are discussed for this marine reserve.

}, keywords = {assemblage, census, comparison, Coris julis, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, effectiveness, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, indicator, labridae, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, population, protection, protection effectiveness, reserve effect, serranidae, Serranus cabrilla, Ses Negres, size, Spain, sparidae, spear fishing, species richness, western Mediterranean}, author = {M. Ruis} } @article {427, title = {Guidelines for the establishment and management of Marine Protected Areas for cetaceans - Lignes directrices relatives}, year = {2007}, edition = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA; PNUE-PAM-CAR/ASP}, address = {Tunis}, abstract = {

Un important d\ébat a couvert la question de savoir si les AMP constituaient un outil appropri\é pour la conservation des c\étac\és. Avant de cr\éer des aires prot\ég\ées pour les c\étac\és, il convient d{\textquoteright}\étudier avec soin si celles-ci pourront atteindre les objectifs pr\évus. Le principal argument contre l{\textquoteright}utilisation d{\textquoteright}aires prot\ég\ées pour les c\étac\és est qu{\textquoteright}il est difficile de couvrir en une seule zone la distribution d{\textquoteright}une esp\èce extr\êmement mobile tout au long de l{\textquoteright}ann\ée.Ces lignes directrices se composent essentiellement de deux parties, qui correspondent aux deux phases du processus : (a) la s\élection et la cr\éation d{\textquoteright}AMP et (b) la gestion des AMP. La cr\éation d{\textquoteright}une AMP est un processus complexe qui implique normalement, en s\équence : (a) la d\éfinition des objectifs de l{\textquoteright}AMP potentielle, fond\ée sur les connaissances existantes de la pr\ésence de c\étac\és dans la zone et de l{\textquoteright}existence de menaces

}, keywords = {AMP, c{\'e}tac{\'e}, cetacean, conservation, distribution, gestion, habitat, l{\'e}gislation, littoral, management, marine protected area, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, menace, protected area, recherche, r{\'e}seau, revision, serum}, author = {G. Notabartolo di Sciara} } @article {432, title = {The impact of commercial and recreational harvesting for Paracentrotus lividus on shallow rocky reef sea urchin communities in North-western Sardinia, Italy}, journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Arbacia lixula, benefit, biomass, comparison, density, echinoderm, fishery, habitat, harvest, impact, Isola Piana, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Paracentrotus lividus, population, protected area, recreationnal fishery, reefs, regulation, rocky shore, Sardinia, scale, sea urchin, size, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. Pais and Y. Donno and G. Meloni and A. Ruiu and S. Serra and L-A. Chessa} } @proceedings {356, title = {Importance of marine reserves for the population dynamics of groupers (Epinephelinae) in the Western Mediterranean}, journal = {2nd Symposium on Mediterranean Groupers}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Francour,P.; Gratiot,J.}, address = {Nice}, abstract = {

In order to assess the importance of marine reserves on the population structure of groupers in the Western Mediterranean, abundance and size of Epinephelinae were recorded by visual censuses in six marine protected areas (MPAs): Carry-le- Rouet and Banyuls in France, Medes, Cabo de Palos, Cabrera and Tabarca in Spain.Four species of Epinephelinae were recorded, Epinephelus caninus (Valenciennes, 1843), E.costae (Steindachner, 1878), E. marginatus (Lowe, 1834) and Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793). The dusky grouper E. marginatus was by far the most abundant species. Significant negative gradients of abundance and biomass of groupers were observed in Cabo de Palos, Cabrera and Tabarca. Species richness and abundance of groupers were higher in the 3 southern MPAs.Eventually, a significant positive relationship was evidenced in all MPAs between grouper abundance and the abundance of other fishes. Therefore, grouper abundance could be viewed as an indicator which testified to the "good health" and stability of fish community, as advocated by Goeden (1982).

}, keywords = {biomass, buffer zone, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Cabrera, dusky, Epinephelus caninus, Epinephelus costae, Epinephelus marginatus, fish, fish abundance, France, indicator, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Mycteroperca rubra, no-take area, population, protected area, protection effectiveness, serranidae, size, Spain, species richness, Tabarca, transects, visual census, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {J. Bayle-Sempere and D. Ody and M. Harmelin-Vivien and J-A. Garcia-Charton and E. Charbonnel and L. Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and C. Valle and P. Sanchez-Jerez and O. Renones} } @article {522, title = {La chasse sous-marine dans de Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus: aspects biologiques et socio{\'e}conomiques}, year = {2007}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN; Cape Creus Natural Park}, abstract = {

La chasse sous-marine est la deuxi\ème m\éthode de p\êche de loisir plus pratiqu\é dans le Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus (M\éditerran\ée NO; Catalogne, Espagne). Cette \étude sur la chasse sousmarine au Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus a permis de recueillir de l{\textquoteright}information sur cette activit\é en 2007, pour \évaluer son impact biologique et leurs caract\éristiques socio\économiques. Les chasseurs sous-marins p\êchent par toute la c\ôte du Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus, m\ême dans les r\éserves naturelles (o\ù la chasse sous-marine est interdite). Tous les chasseurs sont des homme avec un \âge moyenne de 36 ans Les p\êcheurs ont d\épens\é en moyenne (par an et p\êcheur; approximativement) 800 en biens et services directement li\és

}, keywords = {Cape Creus, CPUE, Diplodus sargus, fish, fishery, fishery impact, gestion, impact, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mullidae, Mullus surmuletus, population, socioeconomic aspects, Spain, sparidae, spear fishing, western Mediterranean}, author = {N. Zaragoza and J. Lloret and D. Caballero} } @article {422, title = {Links between sex change and fish densities in marine protected areas}, journal = { Biological Conservation}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Sex change is widespread among marine fishes, including many species that are fished heavily, and is thought to be of conservation concern under some circumstances. As such, an important question in conservation is whether the implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs), which is a commonly used marine conservation tool, works as effectively for sex-changers as for non-sex-changers. To address this issue, we used meta-analyses of the ratio of fish abundances inside vs. outside MPAs to determine whether sex change affects the extent to which fish densities respond to protection. When all data were considered, there were similar responses to protection irrespective of reproductive mode. However, when analyses were restricted to older reserves (at least 10 years{\textquoteright} protection), female-first sex-changers consistently benefited from protection.Non-sex-changers and male-first sex-changers showed more variable responses to protection and, as a result, there were no significant differences between fish with different reproductive modes in their overall response to protection. The same results were observed when the effects of fisheries status (targeted vs. not targeted) were controlled.Our results support the use of MPAs as important components of conservation and demonstrate that old reserves are most consistently beneficial to female-first sex-changing species. Finally, our results highlight the fact that some effects of protection are only detectable after several generations.

}, keywords = {Atlantic, conservation, density, fish, fish abundance, fish density, fishery, Indian ocean, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Pacific, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, protection measure, review, size}, author = {P-P. Molloy and I-M. C{\^o}t{\'e} and I. Mosqueira and M-J-G. Gage and J-D. Renoyls} } @article {433, title = {Management tool / Management guide for marine protected areas : Migliorare l{\textquoteright}accessibilit}, year = {2007}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, abstract = {

Le Cinque Terre sono famose in tutto il mondo per l{\textquoteright}acclivit

}, keywords = {accessibility, AMP, Cinque Terre, handicap, Italy, Ligurian Sea, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, protected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {Parco Nazionale Cinque Terre} } @article {481, title = {Mediterranean countries{\textquoteright} needs for legal, policy and institutional reforms to strengthen the management of existing Marine Protected Areas}, year = {2007}, edition = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA}, address = {Tunis}, abstract = {

Pursuant to \"Facilitation of policy and legislative reforms for SAP MED and SAP BIO\", MAP requested to RAC/SPA to identify Mediterranean countries{\textquoteright} needs in legal, policy and institutional reforms to strengthen the management of existing marine protected areas. The result is the present study identifying and prioritising the main needs of Mediterranean countries for legal, policy and institutional reforms to strengthen the management of existing marine protected areas. It is focused on the twelve Mediterranean countries covered by the GEF project: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Montenegro, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey. It further presents for reference basic related information from several EU countries within the region: France, Greece, Italy and Spain.The work was strongly benefited from the active participation of National Focal Points. They responded to specific requests for information on legal and institutional frameworks, although some key documents were eithe unavailable or not available in translation. The study made also available technical advise for improvements on those aspects in the region, including also specific proposals for the GEF beneficiary countries, not included in this document, and to be directly delivered to each concerned Party. This study was transmitted as information document to the SPA Focal Points at their Eighth Meeting held at Palermo, Italy from 6-9 June 2007.

}, keywords = {Barcelona convention, convention, France, GEF, Greece, institutonal reform, Italy, legislative, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, policy, protected area, Spain}, author = {C. Shine and T. Scovazzi} } @proceedings {496, title = {Need of specific measures to protect the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) in the Italian coastal water - a pilot study in the Portofino MPA (Ligurian Sea)}, journal = {2nd Symposium on Mediterranean Groupers}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Francour,P.; Gratiot,J.}, address = {Nice}, abstract = {

The dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) is one of the most important flagship species of the Mediterranean rocky coastal habitats. The area of the Portofino Promontory was appreciated from the {\textquoteright}50ties, at the beginning of the scuba diving activities, for the abundance of this species. Visual Census data was collected applying the transect technique. On the whole, 288 VCs within the MPA{\textquoteright}s waters allowed to record 92 specimens of dusky grouper while only two were censed during the 96 VCs done out of the MPA boundaries. Recorded data shows the positive effect of the MPA for the dusky grouper, clear 2002 (only three years after the Portofino MPA{\textquoteright}s institution). No relevant differences in abundances were registered respect the level of protection within the MPA{\textquoteright}s waters.This study stresses the relevance of a specific action plan to protect dusky grouper at Italian and Mediterranean levels, asking for the identification of specific management tools based on the experience of the French moratorium.

}, keywords = {action plan, boundary, census, coastal water, dusky, Epinephelus marginatus, habitat, Italy, Ligurian Sea, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Portofino, protected area, protection, reserve effect, scuba-diving, serranidae, transects, visual census, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {L. Tunesi and A. Molinari} } @article {271, title = {Outil de Gestion / Guide d{\textquoteright}aide}, year = {2007}, institution = {WWF-MedPAN; Port Cros National Park}, edition = {WWF-France}, abstract = {

{\guillemotleft}Conna{\^\i}tre pour mieux g{\'e}rer{\guillemotright}. La formule n{\textquoteright}est pas nouvelle mais pourtant toujours pertinente et d{\textquoteright}actualit{\'e}. Le rapport pr{\'e}sent{\'e} ici a pour ambition de d{\'e}finir les grandes lignes d{\textquoteright}un observatoire de la fr{\'e}quentation pour l{\textquoteright}ensemble des aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e. L{\textquoteright}objectif est clair : il s{\textquoteright}agit de se doter d{\textquoteright}outils d{\textquoteright}analyse, permettant de comprendre et de comparer diff{\'e}rentes situations d{\textquoteright}aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es, d{\textquoteright}anticiper certaines {\'e}volutions et d{\textquoteright}organiser la prise de d{\'e}cision, dans une perspective d{\textquoteright}un d{\'e}veloppement touristique durable.L{\textquoteright}objectif est ambitieux. Un tel projet, impliquant de nombreux partenaires dans plusieurs pays, concernant pr{\`e}s d{\textquoteright}une centaine de sites tr{\`e}s diff{\'e}rents les uns des autres, tant sur le plan de la g{\'e}ographie, du type de protection, du d{\'e}veloppement {\'e}conomique et des hommes qui y vivent, impose d{\textquoteright}une part une certaine humilit{\'e} et modestie de la part des auteurs, et d{\textquoteright}autre part g{\'e}n{\`e}re des limites.L{\textquoteright}objectif ne pourra {\^e}tre v{\'e}ritablement atteint qu{\textquoteright}en mettant en perspective les exp{\'e}riences de chacun et en construisant avec les diff{\'e}rents partenaires un cadre commun de r{\'e}fl exion et d{\textquoteright}{\'e}changes. Le travail pr{\'e}sent{\'e} ici, r{\'e}alis{\'e}

}, keywords = {decision making, economy, gestion, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, methodology, partnership, Port-Cros, protected area, protection, sustainable tourism, visitation}, author = {Brigand and LeBerre} } @article {302, title = {Outil de Gestion / Guide d{\textquoteright}aide}, year = {2007}, edition = {WWF-France}, abstract = {

M{\^e}me si la pratique de la plong{\'e}e est

}, keywords = {aire marine prot{\'e}g{\'e}e, charte, gestion, impact, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, monitoring, scuba-diving, sensibilisation}, author = {N. Dalias and C. Bardelletti and P. Licari} } @article {306, title = {Planning of Marine Protected areas : useful elements to identify the most relevant scuba-diving sites}, journal = {Rapp.Comm.int.Mer M{\'e}dit.}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Recreational scuba diving is a relevant activity for the success of marine protected areas (MPAs). The case-study of the proposed MPA of Rdum Majjiesa and Ras ir-Raheb (NW Malta) illustrates the key-elements that should be considered in the definition of the scuba-diving attractive sites map, which is an important component for the planning of coastal MPAs.

}, keywords = {eastern Mediterranean, Malta, management, mapping, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, planning, protected area, Rdum Majjiesa and Ras ir-Raheb, scuba-diving}, author = {T. Di Nora and L. Tunesi and G., Mo and S. Agnesi} } @article {390, title = {Restoration of threatened red gorgonian populations: An experimental and modelling approach}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

The increasing disturbances affecting marine communities highlight the need to examine restoration measures that can be added to other conservation efforts for threatened populations. The main goal of this study was to examine the usefulness of ecological restoration in the management of gorgonian populations damaged by diving activity in intensively visited marine protected areas (MPAs). We used field experiments as well as simulations from size-structured matrices to assess the utility of transplantation of living fragments from damaged colonies to increase the viability of threatened populations. Despite results showing that technique failure caused the loss of 40\% of transplants, well-attached transplants achieved survival rates (80\%) similar to those of natural colonies. Surprisingly, environmental conditions (light level and presence of algae) did not have a significant effect on the mortality of the transplants, but did affect methodological failure rates (37\% of transplants were lost in the photophilous treatments in contrast to the 25\% lost in sciaphilous treatment). The simulations showed a substantial increase in the annual population growth rate (k) only when transplantation was performed every two years and under the most demanding conditions (recovering 75\% of the detached colonies and obtaining 3 fragments from each one). Predictions from the size-structured matrix model suggest severe limitations of this technique at larger spatial scales. However, our study confirms the feasibility of this restoration measure to contribute to the recovery of populations in MPAs affected by local disturbances. The experimental and modelling approaches developed here may provide useful guidelines for future studies on the restoration of marine populations.

}, keywords = {algae, conservation, corraligenous, gorgonian, guidelines, impact, management, management tool, marine protected area, matrix model, Medes, Mediterranean sea, methodology, mortality, octocoral, Paramuricea clavata, population, protected area, restoration, scale, scuba-diving, Spain, transplantation, western Mediterranean}, author = {C. Linares and M. Zabala and R. Coma} } @article {485, title = {Spatial assessment of benefits of a coastal Mediterranean Marine Protected Area}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, volume = {136}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Marine reserves are increasingly advocated not only as conservation but also as fisheries management tools to safeguard the decline of coastal fishing resources. Still, conclusive evidence of their functioning is lacking, amongst others due to the influence of spatio-temporal variations in fish populations and habitat heterogeneity which could hamper a sound data interpretation. We conducted a spatial analysis of the benefits of the Medes Island Marine Reserve by combining geostatistical and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. Concurrently, we analysed effects of trends reflecting habitat heterogeneity and spatial structuring of data on spatial predictions of fish catch per unit effort (CPUE) and length. Predicted spatial patterns showed the complexity and simultaneous action of trend factors leading to mostly non-linear gradients in CPUE and length data. CPUE of total fish and CPUE and length of common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) increased close to the Integral Reserve due to direct and indirect reserve effects. CPUE and length of striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus) slightly increased also near the Integral Reserve, but distinct reserve effects could not be identified due to the strong influence of artificial reefs. We conclude that the spatial dimension of the Buffer Zone, where artisanal fisheries are allowed, permits in general protection only for target species, favouring a habitat with no discontinuities from the reserve outwards. Our spatial approach to assess reserve benefits provides major insights into complex systems like coastal marine reserves in the northwestern Mediterranean. In addition, it contributes to a crucial aspect of marine conservation, viz. the decision on the spatial dimension of protected areas.

}, keywords = {artificial reef, artisanal fishery, assessment, benefit, buffer zone, common pandora, conservation, CPUE, fish, fishery, GIS, habitat, heterogeneity, integral reserve, island, management, management tool, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, mullidae, Mullus surmuletus, no-take area, Pagellus erythrinus, population, protected area, protection, reefs, reserve effect, trend, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {V. Stelzenmuller and P. Martin and F. Maynou} } @article {424, title = {Spatial use and divers behaviour in the Medes Island / Utilisation de l{\textquoteright}espace et comportement des plogeurs aux {\^\i}les Medes}, year = {2007}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, abstract = {

In Medes islands MPA, the law passed by catalan Parliement and the current regulations have limited the practice of scuba diving since 1990, so as to avoid overuse and the likely detertioration of the valuable marine habitat of this area. As such, the regulation allows 450 divers per day, all yeat around, and the possibility of diving in the MPA from 10 differents spots.The aim of this study is to present information in the use of space that divers who dive in the Medes Islands seabed make.3 categories have been established : guided dives, directed dives annd exploration dives with 4 type od seabed where the dive is carried out : seabed, wall, depth, cave.Each spot is described by :- Time spent underwater each of type attained depths --\> 51 mintues, 26.7 metres average depth- Dive itinerary on a horizontal level, total distance covered, and maximum separation distance from the strating diving buoy--\>121 m from mooring buoy ans 485 m covered- Permanence dive time depending on the distance to starting buoy --\> 8 hectare- Total spent in each communinity --\> 37\% in caves- Risk factor depending on the time spent in each community- Georeferencing of the presence of indicative species ans pelicular landscape elements.L{\textquoteright}aire Prot\ég\ée des Iels Medes poss\ède un plan d{\textquoteright}usage et une r\églementation en vigeur qui r\ègle la pratique de laplong\ée depuis 1990, dans le double objectif d{\textquoteright}\éviter une surexploitation de l{\textquoteright}activit\é et la deterioriation potentielle du riche environnement sous marin de cette zone. La reglementation permet la pr\ésence de 450 plongeurs apr jour pendant tote l{\textquoteright}ann\ée, et la possibilit\é de r\éaliser des plong\ées dans l{\textquoteright}AMP depuis 10 points diff\érents.L{\textquoteright}objectif de cette \étude est d{\textquoteright}apporter des informations sur l{\textquoteright}utilisation de l{\textquoteright}espace faire par les plongeurs qui visitent les fonds des Iles Medes. 3 cat\égories de plong\ées ont \ét\é \établis :Plong\ées guid\ées; plong\ées dirig\ées et plong\ées d{\textquoteright}exploration, selon 4 genres sous-marins : fonds horozontal, parois verticales, de profondeur, dans les grottes.Chaque point d{\textquoteright}\étude est d\écrit comme suit:- Temps de permanence dans chacune des profondeurs atteintes --\> 51 minutes en moyenne- parcours de la plong\ée dans le plan horizontal, distance totale parcourue et distance maximale de s\éparation de la bou\ée de d\ébut de plong\ée --\> 121 m depuis la bou\ée, 485 m de parcours total, - temps de permanence en fonction de la distance

}, keywords = {category, depth, habitat, human impact, impact, island, landscape, law, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, mooring, regulation, scuba-diving, Spain, western Mediterranean}, author = {N. Munoz} } @article {431, title = {Spatial variability of fish fauna in sheltered and exposed shallow rocky reefs from a recently established Mediterranean Marine Protected Area}, journal = { Italian Journal Zoology}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Coastal exposure may affect the structure of littoral fish assemblages. To evaluate its effects, fish assemblages associated with shallow (0-3m depth) rocky reefs were investigated by visual census at the Asinara Island National Park (northwestern Sardinia, Italy, Mediterranean Sea) during autumn 2003. Distribution patterns of ichthyofauna in sheltered and exposed rocky reefs were assessed over the spatial scales of locations (i.e. kilometres) and sites (i.e. hundreds of metres). Overall, 38 fish taxa belonging to 17 families were recorded, with Labridae, Sparidae and Serranidae being the families with the most species. Univariate analyses showed that the average density of Labridae and Serranidae was significantly greater at sheltered locations, while particulate organic matter feeders (i.e. Mugilidae) were more abundant at the exposed ones. Significant differences in species richness, total fish abundance and densities of Labridae and planktivorous fish were observed at the spatial scale of sites. Multivariate analyses revealed that whole fish assemblages differed more at the scale of locations than among sites. Planktivorous species contributed most to the dissimilarity between fish assemblages associated with exposed and sheltered stretches of coast. Direct and indirect effects of coastal exposure were hypothesized to explain the potential role of wave action in structuring fish assemblages associated with shallow rocky reefs. In particular, direct effects could affect the distribution patterns of fish, depending on their swimming ability, while indirect effects could include changes in the benthic cover (especially macroalgae) caused by wave action, which then had a repercussion on the fish.

}, keywords = {Asinara, assemblage, census, comparison, density, depth, distribution, establishment, fauna, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, island, Italy, labridae, littoral, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, national park, protected area, reefs, r{\^o}le, Sardinia, scale, serranidae, sparidae, spatial heterogeneity, species richness, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. Pais and P. Guidetti and E. Azzuro} } @book {382, title = {Use of the IUCN protected areas management categories in the Mediterranean region / Utilizaci?n de las categor?as de gesti?n de ?reas protegidas de UICN en la regi?n mediterr?nea / Utilisation des cat{\'e}gories de gestion des aires prot{\'e}g{\'e}es de l{\textquoteright}UICN en M{\'e}d}, year = {2007}, publisher = {UICN en collaboration avec la Consejer?a de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucia, Sevilla, Espagne.}, organization = {UICN en collaboration avec la Consejer?a de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucia, Sevilla, Espagne.}, address = {Gland, Suisse et Malaga, Espagne}, abstract = {

This publication analyses the use and interpretation of the different protected areas categories in the Mediterranean, gathers the ideas and proposals of agencies and other key stakeholders in the Mediterranean region, and includes the results of the IUCN{\textquoteright}s International Summit in Almeria.La presente publicaci?n analiza el uso y la interpretaci?n que se realiza de las diferentes categor?as de ?reas protegidas en el ?mbito mediterr?neo, recoge las ideas y propuestas de las agencias y de otros actores clave de la regi?n mediterr?nea e incluye los resultados de la Cumbre Internacional de la UICN de Almer?a.Cette publication analyse l{\textquoteright}utilisation et l{\textquoteright}interpr\étation faites des diff\érentes cat\égories d{\textquoteright}aires prot\ég\ées dans le milieu m\éditerran\éen, rassemble les id\ées et les propositions des agences et d{\textquoteright}autres acteurs cl\é de la r\égion m\éditerran\éenne et inclut les r\ésultats du Sommet international de l{\textquoteright}UICN de Almeria.

}, keywords = {Cabo de Gata Nijar, category, conservation, convention, gestion, governance, legislative, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, national status, natural park, partnership, protected area, Spain, stakeholders, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {A. Lopez Ornat and A. Pons Reynes} } @article {392, title = {An alternative approach for managing scuba diving in small marine protected areas}, journal = {Aquatic conservation marine and freshwater ecosystems}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

1. As the interest of divers in exploring marine protected areas grows, so does their impact on sensitive marine organisms and communities. This situation has led managers to adopt a variety of measures to manage scuba diving in marine reserves. However, if marine areas need to be managed and protected from the adverse effects of human activities, then the characterization of marine habitats and the communities they contain, along with the potential effects of scuba diving, will need to be evaluated on scientific lines.2. To this end, the use of benthic mapping, together with an evaluation of community vulnerability, constitutes a complementary tool for managing scuba diving, as is demonstrated in the present study.3. The identification and evaluation of the different communities observed in Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas Marine Reserve enables managers to propose different measures for controlling potential diver impact and also for evaluating the effects of these measures, thus reducing the degradation of the benthic organisms and communities, benefiting the local tourism industry and allowing a more sustainable use of the marine reserve resources.

}, keywords = {assemblage, benthic assemblage, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, decision making, habitat, impact, island, management, management tool, mapping, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection measure, scuba-diving, Spain, tourism, western Mediterranean}, author = {J. Lloret and F. Carreno and L. Marin-Guirao and A. Marin} } @article {296, title = {Assessing the effects of marine protected area (MPA) on a reef fish assemblage in a northwestern Mediterranean marine reserve: Identifying community-based indicators}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, year = {2006}, chapter = {349-369}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly envisaged as a tool to manage coastal ecosystems and fisheries. Assessment of their performance with respect to management objectives is therefore important. A number of MPAs provided conservation benefits for fished species. Observed benefits do not apply to all species at all times, and responses to protection are also highly variable among fish taxa. Among the many empirical studies on marine reserves, only a few designs considered {\textquoteright}before and after data{\textquoteright} and spatial variation. In this paper, we are interested in assessing the effect of a no-take reserve on the reef fish assemblage in a northwestern Mediterranean example. Data were obtained from a three-year survey using underwater visual censuses (UVC), before and after MPA establishment. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and multivariate regression trees (MRT) were used to evaluate the effects of reserve protection on the reef fish assemblage, while accounting for habitat. Modelled biological responses were abundances and diversity indices calculated at different levels of the assemblage.Significant effects were found for many of these metrics. In addition to PERMANOVA, univariate models provided more insight into the magnitude and direction of effects. The most sensitive metrics were related to large species and species targeted by fishing. These results may be used to choose the metrics that are more suitable as communitybased indicators of MPA impact in the perspective of monitoring programs.

}, keywords = {assemblage, assessment, benefit, conservation, C{\^o}te Bleue, design, diversity, ecological indicator, ecosystem, fish, fish assemblage, fishery, France, habitat, impact, impact assessment, indicator, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, multivariate regression trees, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, protected area, protection, reef fish assemblage, western Mediterranean}, author = {Claudet and Pelletier and Jouvenel and Bachet and Galzin} } @article {282, title = {Changes in fish abundance do not cascade to sea urchins and erect algae in one of the most oligotrophic parts of the Mediterranean}, journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science}, year = {2006}, chapter = {273-282}, abstract = {

The abundance of fish, sea urchins, and erect algae over carbonated and non-carbonated rocks was measured in two areas differing in the level of fishing intensity off northern Minorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) to test the hypothesis that changes in the abundance of invertebrate-feeding fish cascade to erect algae through changes in the density of sea urchins in oligotrophic areas, as has been reported previously for eutrophic areas in the northwestern Mediterranean. Although the biomass of invertebrate-feeding fish and the cover of erect algae increased where fishing intensity decreased, independently of rock type, the biomass and the horizontal test size of sea urchins, represented almost exclusively by Paracentrotus lividus, also increased. Furthermore, the total cover of erect algae and that of the two dominant algae species were not correlated with sea urchin density or sea urchin biomass. Rock type did not affect the total cover of erect algae, but Cystoseira brachycarpa J. Agardh preferred non-carbonated rocks and Dictyota dichotoma v. intricata (C. Agardh) Greville favoured carbonated ones. The only herbivorous fish (Sarpa salpa) and the omnivorous breams of the family Sparidae were more abundant around carbonated rocks, although only inside the marine protected areas. The wrasses of the family Labridae were insensitive to rock type and the level of fishing intensity. The overall evidence indicates that trophic cascades do not operate in the area studied, as changes in the abundance of invertebrate-feeding fish did not cascade to sea urchins and changes in the abundance of sea urchins did not affect erect algae. The limited recruitment of fish and sea urchins due to extreme oligotrophy is invoked as an explanation, in agreement with the ecosystem exploitation paradigm.

}, keywords = {algae, Balearic Islands, Cystoseira, ecosystem, fish, fish abundance, grazing, island, labridae, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Minorca, Paracentrotus lividus, protected area, recruitment, Sarpa salpa, sea urchin, size, Spain, sparidae, trophic cascad, western Mediterranean}, author = {Cardona and Sales and Lopez} } @article {312, title = {The changing faces of Europe{\textquoteright}s coastal areas}, year = {2006}, edition = {Office for Official Publications of the European Communities}, address = {Luxembourg}, abstract = {

This report provides information on the state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe, and provides evidence of the need for a more integrated, long-term approach. Since 1995, concern about the state of Europe{\textquoteright}s coastline has led to a number of EU initiatives, which build on the concept of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). ICZM attempts to balance the needs of development with protection of the very resources that sustain coastal economies. It also takes into account the public{\textquoteright}s concern about the deteriorating environmental, socio-economic and cultural state of the European coastline.The specific objective of this work is to contribute to the review of the Recommendation of the European Parliament and the Council concerning the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe (2002/413/EC), planned by the European Commission for 2006. This review requires information on existing trends and on the effects of policies and financial instruments directed towards coastal management.The report aligns itself to the wider context of ecosystems and human well-being set up by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). By linking ecosystems and human well-being, this approach focuses in particular on {\textquoteright}ecosystem services{\textquoteright}, i.e. the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. Climate change and its impact on coastal zones is yet another important analytical framework that is taken into account while analysing the state of coasts. The increasing vulnerability of the coastal population and ecosystems becomes a challenge for the ICZM approach, which should achieve a reduction in these vulnerabilities through the coherent spatial organisation of coastal zones and by increasing the resilience of coastal systems. By analysing the responses of society to unsustainable development trends, the report reviews existing relevant policies and tracks how they may affect the coastal zones. The report is intended to give a comprehensive picture of European policies concerning the coast, either directly or indirectly. The focus is weighted towards the EU ICZM Recommendation and follows the work undertaken by the EU Expert Group on ICZM, which selected two sets of indicators: a set of 27 indicators for measuring sustainability on the coast, and an additional set to measure the implementation of integrated coastal management in European countries. The indicators also serve as examples for a more widespread adoption of integrated territorial management principles across Europe.Testing indicators at Member State and regional level is especially important as the approach underlines the flexible and problem-oriented nature of adopted responses. Here, the EU follows the subsidiarity and proportionality principle by providing leadership and guidance to support implementation at other levels. The report serves the purpose of developing the EEA{\textquoteright}s approach on integrated spatial assessment with a view to understanding changes in coastal systems and monitoring progress towards sustainable development.It has allowed the construction of a GIS database for the European coast and contributes to establishing the infrastructure for spatial information in the Community (INSPIRE) and its implementing guidelines.In the assessment, a number of priorities for action have been identified. : - Population sizes in Europe{\textquoteright}s coasts are continuously increasing, sometimes faster than in inland areas. Coasts are converted to manmade artificial surfaces at an even faster pace. There is a need to develop more information to better understand what is happening with built up areas and city planning in Europe, and to establish some thresholds and other planning tools to avoid uncontrolled sprawl. - Infrastructure developments appear as a powerful driver of residential sprawl, soil sealing and heightened levels of mobility. They are also, together with urban sprawl, an important factor in fragmentation of coastal space. - Numbers and figures from the Corine land cover data base describing changes between 1990 and 2000 show an important loss of habitats (e.g. pastures, mixed farmland, natural and semi-natural areas and wetlands), which are extremely relevant for biodiversity. This is a clear indicator of the need for action to mitigate these trends. - Coastal shelf ecosystems are also being affected. A European map of seagrass communities is urgently needed. Sea rass communities are being degraded because of the persistence of turbidity in coastal waters, trawling and other causes. But data are still lacking by which to map the underwater habitats on a European scale. - Contamination of coastal water significantly affects the capacity for coastal waters to be the nursery habitats for species that will return to deep waters. Land/sea models are needed to better understand how terrestrial sources affect the quality of coastal waters. Eutrophication is still an important problem in different regional seas. - There is an urgent need to find more sustainable forms of tourism on the coast. Tourism appears to be the most important maritime activity especially in southern countries and also in the Baltic countries, Poland, South Finland etc. This activity has a very high spatial and seasonal impact. Tourism flows affect the whole of Europe. Urgent action is needed to build European awareness and promote respect for coastal areas, including economic tools to compensate for major externalities and enhance solidarity amongst European regions. - There is a need to map and manage the activities that are growing very rapidly seawards (e.g. wind farms and other energy plants, ports and maritime traffic). This will require progress in spatial planning of coastal waters. - Aquaculture is a sector that has a strong growth potential, but it is often considered a controversial issue. Data are needed to assess the relevance of aquaculture for fishery community needs in order to ensure economic feedback and control environmental externalities, including fish stock recovery. - Due to these different pressures, the EU designated extensive coastal sites through its Natura2000 network (both on land and at sea) to protect the coast from further development, and ensure the quality of the coastal ecosystems and habitats. An initiative to create a network of marine protected areas, ideally connected by {\textquoteright}blue corridors{\textquoteright}, offers good prospects for marine ecosystem protection. However, the management and follow up system of already established sites is still under preparation. - A large number of coastal regions are amongst the EU{\textquoteright}s less favoured regions. Improving living standards of peripheral coastal communities is therefore an obvious challenge for cohesion policies. Sustainable socio-economic development is needed at regional and local level, and could be supported by EU funds through the enhancement of maritime activities using sustainable practices, coupled with a consistent monitoring of effects of the different actions on environment and society. - The report identifies major coastal risks and assesses how and why to reverse the trends. To fight coastal erosion, the recovery of the sediment balance is needed. In light of this, a new concept of sediment management is highlighted. - Looking to the future it is clear that the impact of global warming and climate change will become widespread. It will have a singular effect on the coast with rising sea levels, the increased probability of storm surges and associated coastal floods. However, increasing human vulnerability rather than physical magnitude or frequency of the events themselves is the prime factor underlying the rise in impacts. People are increasingly occupying the low-lying areas that are exposed to flooding, thus exacerbating their vulnerability to extreme events. - Natural ecosystems have proved to be key in increasing coastal resilience and protecting the coast during hurricane episodes (e.g. Louisiana, September 2005) and even tsunamis, (south-east Asia, December 2004). Coastal wetlands, coastal dunes and beaches, inter-tidal flats, coastal forests etc. are the most effective defences in the case of these types of natural disasters. However, coastal ecosystems and habitats need space and time to fully recover to be able to efficiently protect settlements and lives landwards. - Results show that the EU{\textquoteright}s coast is made up of very diverse landscapes and cultural contexts. It is important to take stock of this diversity to avoid cultural and landscape homogenisation. There is a need to work more on regional sustainable development. Using a regional scope, islands need a specific approach as they have specific problems such as limited land availability, lack of water reserves, waste management etc. - Policies for the EU{\textquoteright}s coasts have a long history but have not been implemented in an integrated manner so far. The situation today presents a great challenge. It also offers opportunities to promote the integration of river basins, coastal zones and marine regions and enhance cooperation with the water framework directive, European marine strategy and preparation of the European Maritime Policy. This should be seen within a sustainable development framework and the EU{\textquoteright}s ICZM Recommendation with the national ICZM strategies (to be issued in 2006). The implementation of all these different policies has great potential and represents a unique opportunity to create an integrated legislative framework for the sustainable development of the European coasts. This report presents spatial information to support an integrated coastal policy framework. It represents a baseline to monitor the coast and should be updated in 2010 in accordance with the EU{\textquoteright}s ICZM strategy (2000). The EEA will support the revision of the strategy in conjunction with the assessment of the state of European environment. This new information can bridge present gaps and provide better regional assessments to fully understand the trends identified at European level.

}, keywords = {agriculture, artificial coast, biodiversity, blue flag, climate, climate change, coastal risk, coastal use, coastal water, coastal zone, cooperation, directive, diversity, ecosystem approach, erosion, Europe, fish, fishery, forest, habitat, history, ICZM, land-cover, landscape, management, marine protected area, maritime economy, monitoring, Natura 2000, natural area, network, oil spill, policy, population density, protected area, protection, seagrass, sustainable development, tourism, trawling, trend, wetland}, author = {European Environment Agency} } @article {351, title = {Coastal fish assemblages and Marine Protected Areas keys for interpreting patterns at 5 Italian MPA}, journal = {Biol Mar Medit}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

The assessment of fish assemblages at 5 Italian MPAs and adjacent fished areas provided evidence of clear differences attribuate to protection only at Torre Guaceto. At Porto Cesareo, the formal no-take zone is different, but due to the indirect effects of the destructive date-mussel fishery, whereas at the Tremiti Islands the difference is due to the pelicular features of the no-take zone. At Cinque Terre and Portofino the scanty differences are mostly attribuable to the recent protection. Actual and not only formal protection, MPA zoning / position and life-history traits of the studied species should be considered to properly evaluate effectiveness of MPAs.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, assemblage, assessment, Cinque Terre, comparison, effectiveness, fish, fish assemblage, fishery, fishery impact, habitat, impact, island, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, population, Porto Cesareo, Portofino, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, scale, Torre Guaceto, Tremiti, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {P. Guidetti and R. Cattaneo-Vietti and L. Tunesi and A. Molinari and S. Bussotti} } @mastersthesis {335, title = {Contribution }, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Les activit{\'e}s d{\textquoteright}exploitation des milieux naturels marins sont g{\'e}r{\'e}es via la gouvernance. Les aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es (AMP) sont utilis{\'e}es comme outil de gouvernance des oc{\'e}ans.Afin de d{\'e}montrer notre objectif d{\textquoteright}{\'e}valuation de la contribution des AMP

}, keywords = {AMP, awareness, communication, education, France, governance, Italy, marine protected area, Monaco, Pelagos, protection, review, sensibilisation}, author = {M-F. George} } @article {498, title = {Depth and substrate type driven patterns in the infralittoral fish assemblage of the NW Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Cybium}, volume = {30}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Fish fauna was studied in the coastal area of Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea) by means of visual census techniques to explore the relationships between fish assemblage, depth and substrate type. Because of the complexity of substrate types (Posidonia oceanica, rocky bottom, pebble, sand) and depth ranges (0-3; 3.1-12; 12.1-24 m), two different visual census methods were used. Sampling was carried out between 1998 and 1999. The data showed that species richness was greater at shallower depths and positively related with the structural complexity of the substrate type. Data analysis indicated a strong affinity between fish assemblages associated with pebble, P. oceanica meadow and rocky bottom, and confirmed the difference between ichthyofauna from sand and other substrate types. Depth was the main factor affecting variability in fish assemblages associated to P. oceanica, pebble and rocky bottom. The medium size class of fish was generally predominant in all depth and substrate type, except for the shallower depth range over sand and the deeper depth range over rocky bottom, where succeed respectively small and large size classes. The strong evidence of the role of depth and substrate should be taken into consideration in planning future studies to characterise fish assemblages in other Italian and Mediterranean coastal areas.

}, keywords = {assemblage, census, decision making, depth, fauna, fish, fish assemblage, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, planning, Portofino, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, rocky shore, r{\^o}le, sand, seagrass, size, species richness, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {L. Tunesi and M. Mori and E. Salvati and A. Molinari} } @article {449, title = {Ecological effects of Atlanto-Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas in the European Union}, year = {2006}, edition = {EMPAFISH European Marine Protected Areas as tools for Fisheries management and conservation}, abstract = {

The general objective of EMPAFISH Work Package 1 (WP1: \"Ecological effects of Marine Protected Areas\") is to identify and quantify ecological effects of MPAs and to organise the findings in a database for subsequent global metaanalysis and modelling. This booklet constitutes deliverable no. 3 of the EMPAFISH project, under WP1. The present document begins with a brief review of the ecological processes important for conservation and what are, generally speaking, the expected ecological effects of MPAs. The core of the document is devoted to descriptions of the research done to date at each EMPAFISH case study site to document and understand the ecological effects of protection measures. The bibliography gives an updated list of articles/references on all ecological studies at the 20 case study sites included in the EMPAFISH project..

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, Bouches de Bonifacio, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Castellamare, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, Columbretes, conservation, C{\^o}te Bleue, database, eastern Mediterranean, ecological indicator, France, impact, island, Italy, Ligurian Sea, Malta, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection, protection measure, Rdum Majjiesa and Ras ir-Raheb, research, review, San Antonio, Sicilia, Sierra Gelada \& Benidorm islets, Sinis - Mal di Ventre, Spain, Tabarca, Toscan, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, url = {http://www.um.es/empafish/}, author = {S. Planes and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and J-A. Garcia-Charton and R. Higgins and P. Smith and F. Vandeperre and C. Marcos and S. Mangi} } @article {250, title = {Economic Analysis Marine Protected Areas : A literature review}, year = {2006}, institution = {EMPAFISH European Marine Protected Areas as tools for Fisheries management and conservation}, abstract = {

Work packtage 3 of EMPAFISH is devoted to analyse the socio-economics impacts of MPAs and to select the best subset of indicators of MPA performance, under each management regime, considering socio-economic indicators and providing a quantitative analysis of the socio-economic performance of MPAs.The present booklet review the socio-economic literature dedicated to various aspects of marine protected areas related to ecosystem preservation, fisheries management, recreationnal activities, nd distributional consequences of MPAs and methodolical issues fos cost-benefit analsis and its application to MPAs, and the specific problem of economic valuation of non-market values. MPAs is becoming an experience field for ecnomists and sociologists ans we are just now in the starting point.

}, keywords = {economy, ecosystem, effectiveness, fishery, impact, indicator, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, protected area, recreation, review, socioeconomic aspects}, author = {Alban and App{\'e}r{\'e} and Boncoeur and Austen and Higgins and Mangi and Marcos and Maynou and P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and Vandeperre} } @book {261, title = {Economic aspects of Marine Protected Areas}, year = {2006}, pages = {68}, publisher = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA}, organization = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA}, address = {Tunis}, abstract = {

Marine Protected Areas are subject to conflicting uses. As such, decision making analysis with respect to their management should be made on a sound base. This book was devoted to introduce the reader to the concept of economics, how it is implemented to natural resources management and especially how it could be applied to MPAs.The important lessons that can be learned are summarized in the following points:1. Economic decision making is based on the notion of efficiency.The efficiency criteria depend on the costs and benefits of different alternatives.2. We learned that there are different types of market failures in MPAs: Externalities (negative and positive), public good provision and Common Property characteristic.3. Common Property resources result in over exploitation of fisheries efforts and some times may lead to extinction.4. Different market failures result in the wrong signaling of development vs. preservation.We saw that while in most cases there is no market value to MPAs, still there is a social value that should be taken into account in the decision making process.5.We explained how to use these benefit estimation techniques in the CBA process. 6.We devoted an entire chapter to the financial importance of managing a viable and sustainable MPA.Almost never has an MPA the privilege of being financed by the government. Usually it has to rely on its own sources of revenue generation. May this be justified or not, it is a fact.To deal with that fact, a sound management tool is building a management plan and financial plan for any proposed MPA.In this book, we tried to raise questions rather than answering them. It is our hope that the readers can find the questions interesting and find the relevant answers in the references we have provided and in implementing the tools suggested to their own case study. Exercising the method suggested in the book might benefit the decision-making process of managing these important assets of the Oceans we all depend on as a society.

}, keywords = {economic value, economy, fishery, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, ocean, protected area}, author = {Becker and Choresh} } @article {339, title = {The effects of recreational Paracentrotus lividus fishing on distribution patterns of sea urchins at Ustica Island MPA (Western Mediterranean, Italy)}, journal = {Fisheries Research}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

This study evaluated the effects of recreational Paracentrotus lividus fishing on average density and size of this edible sea urchin, and itsindirect effects on Arbacia lixula on barren substrates of Ustica Island MPA (SW Italy, Mediterranean Sea). Size, single and pooled speciesdensities, density of large individuals (>40mm long) and small individuals (<20mm long) of the two species were estimated by scuba divingin autumn 2003, spring and summer 2004 at two sites impacted by P. lividus fishing (Punta Cavazzi and Pagliaro, take zone C) and one control(Cala Sidoti, no take zone). Two samplings were performed in each season.We found that reduced densities of P. lividus and A. lixula occurredat the fished sites compared with the unfished sites. P. lividus was always larger and more abundant at the protected site than the fished ones,whereas A. lixula had a larger density at the protected site and greater size at the fished sites. The significantly lower density of A. lixula at thesites subjected to fishing of P. lividus could suggest that A. lixula did not benefit from this kind of fishing and thus the two sea urchins mightpartially share the same habitat and resources in the barren habitats of "Ustica Island" MPA. These outcomes emphasize the role of regulatedfishing in maintaining urchin populations at such low densities that interspecific competition is not induced.

}, keywords = {Arbacia lixula, benefit, comparison, density, distribution, echinoderm, fishery, fishery impact, habitat, island, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Paracentrotus lividus, population, protected area, r{\^o}le, scuba-diving, sea urchin, size, Ustica, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {P. Gianguzza and S. Roggio and I. Vielmini and R. Cattaneo and C. Bonaviri and M. Chiantore} } @article {267, title = {Etude socio-{\'e}conomique et spatialis{\'e}e de la p{\^e}che r{\'e}cr{\'e}ative en mer dans la zone marine agathoise}, year = {2006}, edition = {Association de D{\'e}fense de l{\textquoteright}Environnement et de la Nature des pays d{\textquoteright}Agde}, address = {Sete}, abstract = {

Cette pr\ésente \étude a ainsi permis de mettre

}, keywords = {Agde, boating, census, economy, fishery, France, gestion, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection, recreationnal fishery, visitation, western Mediterranean}, url = {http://www.adena-bagnas.com}, author = {Blouet and Dupuy de la Grandrive} } @article {497, title = {Fish assemblage of the marine protected area of Cinque Terre (NW Mediterranean Sea): First characterization and assessment by visual census}, journal = {Chemistry and Ecology}, volume = {22}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

The main objective of this study is to improve the knowledge of the coastal fish assemblage of {\textquoteright}Cinque Terre{\textquoteright} Italian national Marine Protected Area (Ligurian Sea), focusing on the characterization of the fish fauna in the core zone A (no entry-no take). The study relates to the main sea-bottom types and bathymetric ranges, and evaluates the effect of the protection on fish abundance and size composition in this 5-yr-old MPA. Field activities were carried out in 2003 by means of visual census techniques. In the A zone, fish-assemblage composition are strictly related to depth and sea-bottom type. Recorded data did not permit detection of a clear reserve effect on fish fauna, probably due to the recent institution of the MPA. Several significant differences were detected only considering the size-class composition of target species.

}, keywords = {assemblage, assessment, census, Cinque Terre, comparison, depth, fauna, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, fishing prohibition, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, mullidae, no-take area, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, reserve effect, Sciaenidae, serranidae, size, sparidae, visual census, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {L. Tunesi and E. Salvati and A. Molinari} } @article {507, title = {Fishery regimes in Atlanto-Mediterranean European Marine protected Areas}, year = {2006}, edition = {EMPAFISH European Marine Protected Areas as tools for Fisheries management and conservation}, abstract = {

The work packtage 2 of EMPAFISH is devoted to evaluate and provide useful fishery related steady stat variables as indicators of MPAs fishery effects, to analyse MPAs management regime on population parameters of the exploited resources and key non-commercial species, to analyse MPAs effects at variying temporal ans spatial scales and to study the effects of MPAs on the geographic dispersion of fishing effort and fleet operational regimes.The booklet reviews the characteristics of the case studies included in the project from the point of view of their fishing activites and fleets as a straring point to look for answers to such important questions.

}, keywords = {Bouches de Bonifacio, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Castellamare, Columbretes, conservation, C{\^o}te Bleue, database, eastern Mediterranean, fishery, fishery impact, France, indicator, Italy, Malta, management, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, population, protected area, protection, protection measure, research, review, San Antonio, scale, Sicilia, Sierra Gelada \& Benidorm islets, Sinis - Mal di Ventre, Spain, Tabarca, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, url = {http://www.um.es/empafish/}, author = {F. Vandeperre and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and R-S. Santos and R. Higgins} } @article {284, title = {Human exclusion from rocky shores in a mediterranean marine protected area (MPA): An opportunity to investigate the effects of trampling}, journal = {Marine Environmental Research}, year = {2006}, chapter = {15-32}, abstract = {

The effect of human trampling on the abundance of small invertebrates inhabiting rocky shallow bottoms was studied at Asinara Island MPA. To this aim we have conducted two experiments. The first was a quantitative study and tested the hypothesis that small invertebrates are more abundant at no-entry locations than at the location visited by tourists through time (before, during and after tourist season). The second was a manipulative experiment and tested the hypothesis that the abundance of small invertebrates is indirectly related to experimental trampling intensities.The effect due to tourist visitation was not highlighted on overall assemblages, suggesting that present seasonal tourist load at the MPA does not cause a significantly negative effect on the zoobenthic community studied. Although tourists exhibited trampling activity at the visited location, none of taxa examined showed a significant lower abundance during and strictly after the end of seasonal tourism peak in the visited location, rather than at control locations. However, results obtained with the second experiment suggested that the effects of different experimental trampling intensities on small invertebrates were variable among taxa. The experimental trampling caused immediate declines in the density of tanaids, nematodes, acari, bivalves, gammarids, echinoderms, isopods, and harpacticoids. For some of these taxa a recovery in abundance was observed within one month.

}, keywords = {Asinara, assemblage, benthic invertebrate, human impact, impact, invertebrate, island, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, protected area, rocky shore, Sardinia, tourism, trampling, visitation, western Mediterranean}, author = {Casu and Ceccherelli and Curini-Galletti and Castelli} } @article {272, title = {La p{\^e}che de loisir dans le Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus}, year = {2006}, institution = {WWF-France}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN; Cape Creus Natural Park}, abstract = {

La p{\^e}che de loisir est une importante activit{\'e} de loisirs au Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus (M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e Nord occidentale, Catalogne, Espagne). Les p{\^e}cheurs de Cap de Creus peuvent utilisent diff{\'e}rentes techniques de p{\^e}che, parmi les quelles la p{\^e}che en bateau (surtout la canne

}, keywords = {Cape Creus, comparison, CPUE, economy, fish, fishery, fishery impact, gestion, impact, labridae, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, population, protected area, recreationnal fishery, r{\'e}serve marine, serranidae, Spain, sparidae, spear fishing, visitation, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {Cape Creus Natural Park} } @article {381, title = {Lignes directrices pour la cr{\'e}ation et la gestion des aires prot{\'e}g{\'e}es marines et c{\^o}ti{\`e}res de M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e}, year = {2006}, edition = {PNUE-PAM-RAC/SPA}, address = {Tunis}, abstract = {

Ces Lignes Directrices fourniront un mat\ériel de base de gestion et de formation pour les futurs travaux, non seulement pour les directeurs d\´AMP pr\ésents au cours de formation, mais aussi plus qu\´une centaine de directeurs d\´AMP des c\ôtes m\éditerran\éennes.Elles sont pr\évues pour l{\textquoteright}usage de tous ceux qui sont concern\és par la politique et la pratique des aires prot\ég\ées c\ôti\ères et marines, pas seulement pour le personnel sur le terrain mais \également pour les d\écideurs aux diff\érents niveaux du gouvernement, et autres acteurs tel que les ONG et les universitaires, et les agences de coop\ération internationale.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, biosphere reserve, category, coastal zone, communication, convention, Convention Biological Diversity, convention de Barcelone, ecology, education, establishment, formation, gestion, guidelines, history, indicator, legislative, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, methodology, monitoring, Natura 2000, network, planning, policy, protected area, protection, stakeholders, surveillance, threat, tourism activity, visitation, zoning}, author = {A. Lopez Ornat and J. Jime{\'e}ez P{\'e}rez and A. Portillo Navarro and E. Correas and D. Moreno Lampreave} } @article {323, title = {Management tool : Management guide for marine protected areas : Permanent ecological moorings / Outil de Gestion : Guide d{\textquoteright}aide}, year = {2006}, edition = {Port Cros National Park; WWF-MedPAN}, abstract = {

This guide summarizes key issues and shows the various choices available as well as being a technical guide.This guide will help in the choice of the most adapted ecological solution depending on the environment in question. It is divided into two main parts: the description of the major environments and the technical description of various permanent ecological moorings recommended.Five main categories of environments have been selected: Sand and mud, Pebbles and cobbles, Boulders and bedrock, Coralligenous formations, and Posidonia meadowsThe technical solutions include a description of the immersed parts (the ones laid on or pushed into the sea bed) and the parts at the surface without forgetting the connecting elements between the surface and the bottom.Ce guide aidera, en fonction du milieu consid{\'e}r{\'e},

}, keywords = {category, corraligenous, environment, formation, gestion, herbier, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, mooring, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, rocky shore, sand, seagrass}, author = {P. Francour and J-F. Magr{\'e}au and J.M. Cottalorda and J. Gratiot and P-A. Mannoni} } @article {331, title = {Management tool : Management guide for marine protected areas : Protocol to study and monitoring Pinna nobilis Populations within MPA / Outil de Gestion : Guide d{\textquoteright}aide}, year = {2006}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, abstract = {

The application of this protocol is intended to allow for baseline data to be gathered against which future monitoring data will be compared to demonstrate the effectiveness of protection measures within the MPA of Rdum il-Majjiesa to Ras ir-Raheb , and as a pilot project for the application of this protocol. Under the spirit of INTERREG IIIC and as a management tool, the protocol aims to be a tool applicable not only to the study of the evolution of Pinna nobilis populations in Rdum il-Majjiesa to Ras ir-Raheb , but also a tool ready to be used for the study of this species ecology and improve its protection in other MPAs.L{\textquoteright}application de ce protocole a pour but de rassembler des donn{\'e}es initiales auxquelles des donn{\'e}es de surveillance future seront compar{\'e}es afin de d{\'e}montrer l{\textquoteright}efficacit{\'e} des mesures de protection au sein de l{\textquoteright}AMP de Rdum il-Majjiesa

}, keywords = {AMP, eastern Mediterranean, effectiveness, gestion, Malta, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, monitoring, Pinna nobilis, population, protected area, protection, protection measure, Rdum Majjiesa and Ras ir-Raheb, surveillance}, author = {J-R. Garcia-Marsh and N., Vicente} } @article {346, title = {Marine reserves for the Mediterranean sea}, year = {2006}, edition = {Greenpeace International,}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {

This Greenpeace report sets out the argument for the urgent establishment of a network of marine reserves across the Mediterranean Sea to safeguard its productivity, its marine life and its ecosystems for the many millions of people who rely on it for their health and wellbeing - now and in the future.The Mediterranean Sea is a rich and diverse environment, home to many unique species and important ecosystems. Being an enclosed sea, and the majority of the Mediterranean being beyond the control of any one country, it truly represents a shared resource - and a shared responsibility - for the region.The Mediterranean Sea is threatened by many damaging human impacts, including over-fishing, destructive fishing techniques, pollution and climate change. Steadily, these are degrading the shared resource and treasure that the Mediterranean Sea represents. A network of large scale marine reserves will represent a shift in the balance of human impacts, from damage and harm to protection and conservation. This network must cover a representative range of marine ecosystems, both in coastal waters and on the high seas. Greenpeace believes that in the face of the damage that has been done to the Mediterranean, this network of marine reserves must cover around 40\% of the Mediterranean Sea in order to protect it for generations to come. Because it is virtually enclosed and its habitats inter-connected, the Mediterranean Sea is a prime example of why marine management must take account of whole ecosystems, not single species or areas. A marine reserve network will create a sound basis upon which to build sustainable, precautionary and ecosystem-based management of the Mediterranean{\textquoteright}s marine resources.Experience of marine reserves elsewhere in the world has shown an increase in the number, size and diversity of species within the reserves. They therefore represent our most valuable tool in conserving biodiversity and making ecosystems more resilient to change or damage. This, combined with sustainable management, also brings benefits of precaution and insurance to fisheries management for the surrounding seas. Marine reserves also have many other positive benefits for science, education and recreation. Although agreements and commitments have been made at international, regional and national levels to protect the Mediterranean Sea, progress towards developing a network of marine reserves is still lacking. Agreements and commitments are meaningless without action, and action towards a network of marine reserves requires political will. Mediterranean countries must work together to protect the Mediterranean, our shared resource and treasure.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, climate, climate change, coastal water, conservation, habitat, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, menace, protection, r{\'e}serve marine}, author = {Greenpeace International} } @article {349, title = {Marine reserves reestablish lost predatory interactions and cause community changes in rocky reefs}, journal = {Ecological Applications}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

In the last decades, marine reserves have dramatically increased in number worldwide. Here I examined the potential of no-take marine reserves to reestablish lost predatory interactions and, in turn, cause community-wide changes in Mediterranean rocky reefs. Protected locations supported higher density and size of the most effective fish preying on sea urchins (the sea breams Diplodus sargus and D. vulgaris) than unprotected locations. Density of sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) was lower at protected than at unprotected locations. Size structure of P. lividus was bimodal (a symptom of predation on medium-sized urchins) only at the protected locations. Coralline barrens were less extended at protected than at unprotected locations, whereas turf-forming and erect-branched algae showed an opposite pattern. Erect-unbranched and erect-calcified algae and conspicuous zoobenthic organisms did not show any pattern related to protection. Tethering experiments showed that predation impact on urchins was (1) higher at protected than at unprotected locations, (2) higher on P. lividus than on A. lixula, and (3) higher on medium-sized (2-3.5 cm test diameter) than large-sized (.3.5 cm) urchins. Sea urchins preyed on by fish in natural conditions were smaller at unprotected than at protected locations. The analysis of sea urchin remains found in Diplodus fish stomachs revealed that medium-sized P. lividus were the most frequently preyed upon urchins and that size range of consumed sea urchins expanded with increasing size of Diplodus fish. These results suggest that (1) depletion and size reduction of predatory fish caused by fishing alter patterns of predation on sea urchins, and that (2) fishing bans (e.g., within no-take marine reserves) may reestablish lost interactions among strongly interactive species in temperate rocky reefs with potential community-wide effects.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, algae, Arbacia lixula, comparison, density, Diplodus fish, echinoderm, fish, impact, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, Paracentrotus lividus, predation, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, reefs, rocky shore, sea urchin, size, sparidae, Torre Guaceto, unprotected area, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {P. Guidetti} } @article {242, title = {A methodolical approach for the analysis of boating activity in the Marine Protected Area of Capo Carbonara}, journal = {Biol Mar Medit}, year = {2006}, chapter = {672}, abstract = {

A methodogical experience to study boating and sailing activities in order to identify zones that need specific management is described. The methodology used involves analysis of environmental data and anchoring pressure.

}, keywords = {anchoring, boating, Capo Carbonara, Italy, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, protected area, recreation, Sicilia, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {Agnesi and Di Nora and Mo and Tunesi} } @article {394, title = {Oceonagraphic habitat of an endangered Mediterranean procellariiform: implications for marine protected areas}, journal = {Ecological Applications}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) require ecologically meaningful designs capable of taking into account the particularities of the species under consideration, the dynamic nature of the marine environment, and the multiplicity of anthropogenic impacts. MPAs have been most often designated to protect benthic habitats and their biota. Increasingly, there is a need to account for highly mobile pelagic taxa, such as marine birds, mammals and turtles, and their oceanic habitats. For breeding seabirds foraging from a central place, particular attention should be paid to distant foraging grounds and movement corridors, which can often extend to hundreds of kilometers from breeding colonies. We assessed the habitat use by the most threatened Mediterranean seabird, the Balearic Shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus, using vessel-based surveys during the chick-rearing period (May-June). We used a hierarchical modeling approach to identify those environmental variables that most accurately reflected the oceanographic habitat of this species by (1) delineating its foraging range using presence/ absence data and (2) identifying important foraging grounds where it concentrates in dense aggregations. The foraging range comprised the frontal systems along the eastern Iberian continental shelf waters (depth ,200 m) and areas close to the breeding colonies in the Balearic Islands. Shearwaters aggregated in productive shelf areas with elevated chlorophyll a concentrations. Following the model of a core-buffer MPA, we envisioned those areas of dense aggregation (i.e., the area of influence of the Ebro River discharge and Cape La Nao regions) as the core regions deserving elevated protection and more stringent management. More diffuse protective measures would be applied within the larger buffer region, delineated by the foraging range of the species. Marine zoning measures can greatly benefit the conservation of the Balearic Shearwater and other far-ranging seabirds by extending protective measures beyond their breeding colonies during both the breeding and nonbreeding seasons.

}, keywords = {Balearic Islands, benefit, buffer zone, conservation, depth, design, environment, habitat, habitat modeling, impact, island, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, oceanography, protected area, protection, protection measure, Puffinus mauretanicus, sea bird, Spain, temporal heterogeneity, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {M. Louzao and D. Oro and L-G. De Sola and P. Abello and J-M. Arcos and K-D. Hyrenbach} } @article {407, title = {Recreational fish feeding affects coastal fish behavior and increases frequency of predation on damselfish Chromis chromis nests}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Wildlife feeding has become an integral part of the range of activities offered to protected area visitors. In marine protected areas (MPAs), fish feeding may cause changes in the behavior, and thus the density and distribution, of coastal fish species. We evaluated spatial variability in human-positive fish behavior around the Ustica Island MPA (Italy) and the potential indirect effects of behavioral change on other species. Two mensurative experiments demonstrated that ca. 1/3 of the species present in fish-feeding areas exhibited human-positive behavior, losing instinctive fear in the presence of humans and encircling people in the water even when food was not provided. A manipulative experiment demonstrated that this behavioral response was learned rapidly. Damselfishes were negatively affected by the unnatural aggregation of a labrid species, as these aggregations frequently attacked and destroyed the benthic nests of the damselfish. Thus, fish feeding can have both direct and indirect effects. Therefore the MPA management goals need to be explicitly stated on a case-by-case basis. If the aim of a reserve is only to promote awareness of marine life and the benefits of conservation to the public, activities such as fish feeding may be regarded as desirable, since the human-positive behavior brought about by this activity guarantees a visual spectacle for visitors. Fish-feeding locations, however, cannot be regarded as natural and may reduce the effectiveness of a reserve for scientific research.

}, keywords = {assemblage, awareness, benefit, Chromis chromis, communication, conservation, Damselfishes, density, distribution, education, effectiveness, fish, fish-feeding, impact, island, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, predation, protected area, protection, research, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, author = {M. Milazzo and T-J. Willis and I. Anastasi} } @article {345, title = {R{\'e}serves marines pour la mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e}, year = {2006}, edition = {Greenpeace International}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {

Le rapport de Greenpeace, {\guillemotleft} R{\'e}serves Marines pour la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e {\guillemotright}, argumente en faveur de la mise en place d{\textquoteright}un r{\'e}seau de r{\'e}serves marines dans la mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e pour pouvoir sauver sa productivit{\'e} en mati{\`e}re de biomasse, sa vie marine et ses {\'e}cosyst{\`e}mes pour le b{\'e}n{\'e}fice des millions de personnes qui en d{\'e}pendent, pour leur sant{\'e} et bien-{\^e}tre, maintenant et pour les g{\'e}n{\'e}rations futures.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, diversity, {\'e}tat, fishery, fishery impact, habitat, impact, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, network, policy, pollution, protection, r{\'e}seau, threat, tourism, value}, author = {Greenpeace} } @book {380, title = {Sustainable Financing Sources for Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Region / Sources de financement durables pour les aires prot{\'e}g{\'e}es de la R{\'e}gion M{\'e}diterran{\'e}enne / Sources de financement durables pour les aires prot{\'e}g{\'e}es de la R{\'e}gion M{\'e}diterran{\'e}enne}, year = {2006}, publisher = {The World Conservation Union (IUCN), UK in collaboration with Fundacion Biodiversidad and Agencia Espa?ola de Cooperacion Internacional of the Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperacion}, organization = {The World Conservation Union (IUCN), UK in collaboration with Fundacion Biodiversidad and Agencia Espa?ola de Cooperacion Internacional of the Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperacion}, address = {Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge}, abstract = {

This document reviews the degree to which these recommendations have been implemented in the region, and briefly identifies the most important financing actions relevant to PAs, particularly from cooperation agencies and the public sector.We also illustrate the development of pioneering tools, describing case studies occurring in our region. It was presented at the Conference as a background document, and completed thereafter with the presentations and discussions from the participants.Over recent decades wide range of PA financing mechanisms have been developed and extensive technical guidance on conservation finance has been made available(1,2). But this document does not describe or review any theory or lessons drawn from the practice on PA financial tools; it rather aims at assessing the extent of their implementation in the Mediterranean region.The broad PAs in Categories V-VI, usually allowing for multiple uses and sharing management responsibilities, require US$ 36 and US$ 120/ ha/year at sea. Categories I-IV (strictly protected and National Parks) require between over US$ 1000/ha/year in small marine parks. These preliminary figures suggest that the annual financial needs for PAs in the Mediterranean region would be in the range of US$ 1,147 - 3,820 million.Funding from the public sector remains largely insufficient to cover the basic needs of PAs in the Mediterranean.The regional average hides an enormous sub-regional disparity; the PAs in the EU receive 10 times as much (US$ 43 /ha) as those in the non-EU countries (US$ 4.5/ha).Le pr\ésent document examine le degr\é de mise en pratique des recommandations (adopt\ées par la septi\ème Conf\érence des Signataires (CDS VII, 2004) lors de la CDB, dans le cadre du Programme de Travail sur les Aires Prot\ég\ées (D\écision VII-28), puis rappel\ées et explicit\ées lors de la premi\ère R\éunion ad hoc sur les Aires Prot\ég\ées,

}, keywords = {AMP, business, category, conservation, cooperation, diversit{\'e} biologique, diversity, economic value, economy, ecosystem approach, financement, formation, GEF, gestion, impact, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, national park, partnership, planning, policy, protected area, protection, regulation, research, review, revision, stakeholders, tourism}, author = {A. Lopez Ornat and S. Jim{\'e}nez} } @article {444, title = {Tourist perception of recreational environment and management in a marine protected area}, journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning}, volume = {79}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

A person{\textquoteright}s socio-economic status, cultural ties, and past experiences influence how people perceive environmental quality. In the case of tourism,people using protected areas can differ in many ways, including their personal characteristics and perception about the recreation environment. This research addresses the general problem of tourist perception in a marine protected area (MPA), focusing on tourists{\textquoteright} awareness of being in a MPA, tourists{\textquoteright} opinion on management activities, the importance of natural attractiveness components, tourists{\textquoteright} satisfaction with recreational experience and willingness to come back, and on tourists{\textquoteright} awareness of their environmental impacts. Data were collected by means of questionnaires, and statistical analyses were performed according to four main variables: awareness to be in a MPA, gender, education level, and place of residence. Answers, and consequently, perceptions were highly dependent on education level and the place of residence, and surprisingly the unaware tourists came from neighbouring municipalities, in particular from the province of Brindisi where the MPA is located. This research put in evidence that a different perception can be due to environmental and park related attitudes, but also to the profile of visitors who frequent protected areas. In this respect, we stress the importance of a better identification of visitors{\textquoteright} profile, for a better management of tourism development in a MPA.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, awareness, conservation, education, environment, impact, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, perception, protected area, recreation, recreational ecosystem services, research, sustainable development, sustainable tourism, Torre Guaceto, tourism, tourist{\textquoteright}s perception, visitation, visitor{\textquoteright}s profil, western Mediterranean}, author = {I. Petrosillo and M. Dadamo and N. Zaccarelli and M-E. Corliano and G. Zurlini} } @proceedings {516, title = {Workshop proceedings N{\textdegree}3 : Mediterranean MPAs and sustainable managment of tourism / Actes de l{\textquoteright}atelier N{\textdegree}3 : AMP et gestion durable du tourisme}, year = {2006}, publisher = {WWF-MedPAN}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, address = {Collioure, France et Estartit, Spain}, abstract = {

The sustainable management if tourism was identified as one of the priority issues by the managers of MPA in the Mediterranean within the framework of the MedPAN project.The aim of the workshop was to discuss this issue and to encourage exchange of experiences on the sibject, particulary as regards the following aspects :- Planning of tourism development- Spreading out the tourist season- Monitoring visitation and its impacts on the environment- Use of charters and regulations to manage uses- Management of different types of tourist activities- Carrying capacity- Spin-off economic benefits for the local surrounding areaIn presenting the proceedings of this workshop our aim is to provide a global biew of the pratices adopted in Mediterranean MPAs. This compilation the most signicant excerpts from presentations grouped together in 4 parts:1- An overall view of tourism in Mediterranean MPAs and a general introduction to tourism planning in the MPAs.2- The establishment and the maangement of sustainable tourism activities illustrated by several case studies from within the MedPAN network3- Planning of tourism development discussed in working groups.4- Vistor management and the concept of carrying capacity debated in working groups.La gestion durable du tourisme est l{\textquoteright}un des enjeux proritaires identifi\és par les gestionnaires d{\textquoteright}AMP en M\éditerran\ée dans le cadre du projet MedPAN.Ceta telier avait pour objectif de d\ébattre de cet enjeu et de favoriser les \échanges d{\textquoteright}exp\érience en la mati\ère, notamment sur les points suivants:- Plannification du developpement touristique- Etalement de la saison touristique- Suivi de la fr\équentation et de ses impacts sur l{\textquoteright}environnement- Usage des chartes et de la r\églementation dans la gestion des usages- Gestion diff\érentes des activit\és touristiques- Capacit\é de charge- Retomb\ées \économique sur le territoire localNotre but

}, keywords = {AMP, benefit, carrying capacity, charte, environment, establishment, gestion, impact, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, network, planning, recreation, regulation, r{\'e}seau, sustainable tourism, tourism, tourism activity, visitation}, author = {WWF-MedPAN} } @proceedings {517, title = {Workshop proceedings N{\textdegree}5 : Sustainable management of fisheries and surveillance in the marine protected areas in the Mediterranean / Actes des ateliers MedPAN : Gestion durable de la p{\^e}che et surveillance dans les aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es des M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e}, year = {2006}, publisher = {WWF-France}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, address = {Bonifacio}, abstract = {

Sustainable management of fisheries and surveillance are priority issues identified by the management of Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas within the scope of the MedPAN project. The objective of this workshop was therefore to debate this issue in the presence of several representatives of fisheries from the northern and southern Mediterranean. It was also to encourage an exchange of experiences on this theme, notably on the following points :- consensus building with fishermen (professional and amateur) and the usefulness of adaptive management ;- tools for scientific monitoring of fisheries management ;- l{\textquoteright}organisation de la surveillance et la collaboration avec les autorit\és comp\étentes ;- organisation of surveillance and cooperation with competent authorities ;- how to optimise the efficiency of surveillance ?In doing so, this collection presents the most significant extracts of the presentations, assembled in three sections :1. an overview of the sustainable management of fisheries in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas from the viewpoint of the fisherman, the manager and the expert, in both the north and south of the Mediterranean; this is illustrated with examples addressing the following themes debated in the working groups :a. consensus building with fishermen (professional and amateur) and the usefulness of adaptive management ;b. tools for scientific monitoring of fisheries management ;2. surveillance in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas, a theme developed in working groups through the following approaches :a. organisation of surveillance and cooperation with competent authorities ;b. how to optimise the efficiency of surveillance ?3. overall working conclusions from the viewpoint of the two following themes :a. the future of fisheries from the perspective of sustainable development ;b. the role of Marine Protected Areas in support of traditional small-scale fishing.La gestion durable de la p\êche et la surveillance sont des enjeux prioritaires identifi\és par les gestionnaires d{\textquoteright}aires marines prot\ég\ées de M\éditerran\ée dans le cadre du projet MedPAN. Cet atelier avait donc pour objectif de d\ébattre sur cet enjeu, en pr\ésence de plusieurs repr\ésentants de p\êcheurs du nord et du sud de la M\éditerran\ée et de favoriser les \échanges d{\textquoteright}exp\ériences en la mati\ère, notamment sur les points suivants :- la concertation avec les p\êcheurs (professionnels et amateurs) et l{\textquoteright}utilit\é de la gestion adaptative ;- les outils de suivi scientifique de la gestion de la p\êche ;- l{\textquoteright}organisation de la surveillance et la collaboration avec les autorit\és comp\étentes ;- comment optimiser l{\textquoteright}efficacit\é de la surveillance ?Ainsi, ce recueil pr\ésente les extraits les plus significatifs des pr\ésentations regroup\ées selon trois parties :1. une vue d{\textquoteright}ensemble sur la gestion durable de la p\êche dans les aires marines prot\ég\ées de M\éditerran\ée avec le point de vue du p\êcheur, du gestionnaire et de l{\textquoteright}expert, tant au nord qu{\textquoteright}au sud de la M\éditerran\ée, illustr\ée d{\textquoteright}exemples traitant des th\èmes suivants d\ébattus en groupes de travail a. concertation avec les p\êcheurs (professionnels et amateurs) et utilit\é de la gestion adaptative ;b. outils de suivi scientifique de la gestion de la p\êche ;2. la surveillance dans les aires marines prot\ég\ées de M\éditerran\ée, th\ème d\évelopp\é en groupes de travail

}, keywords = {adaptative management, concertation, cooperation, fishery, gestion, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, protected area, r{\^o}le, surveillance, sustainable development}, author = {WWF-MedPAN} } @article {406, title = {Cascading human impacts, marine portected areas, and the structure of Mediterranean reef assemblages}, journal = {Ecological Monographs}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Coastal marine assemblages are shaped by interactions between physical factors, biological interactions, and almost ubiquitously, human impacts. Large-scale manipulations of human access replicated over a range of physical and biological conditions can generate insights over the processes shaping marine assemblages. We examined the relative roles of human impacts and hydrographic conditions on assemblages of shallow (3-10 m depth) rocky reefs by comparing no-take reserves with fishing areas occurring in gradients of exposure of the coastline to dominant winds and waves around two Mediterranean islands, Capraia and Giannutri, Italy. We hypothesized that fishing influences assemblages directly by reducing populations of target fish species, and indirectly by reducing predation on sea urchins, intensifying herbivory, and causing {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}barrens{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} of encrusting coralline algae. We examined how the possible effects of fishing varied with physical exposure of the coastline.The composition of fish assemblages differed significantly between sites within no-take reserves and fished reference sites. Abundances and sizes of predatory fishes targeted by local fisheries were greater in no-take reserves than in fished areas. Sea urchin densities, the extent of coralline barrens, and the structure of the algal and invertebrate benthic assemblages showed clear variation associated with exposure of the coastline to dominant winds and waves, but weak effects of protection from human use. Densities of the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula were significantly greater along the windward than along the leeward sides of the islands, and were positively correlated with the extent of coralline barrens. In contrast, the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus was more abundant along the leeward sides of islands and showed indirect responses to protection at Giannutri, where purple sea urchins tended to have greater densities at fished than at protected sites. Protection from fishing influenced fish assemblages directly, and benthic assemblages indirectly, but the latter effect was observed only at sites with lower physical exposure. Indirect effects of fishing and recovery of assemblages within marine protected areas through cascading trophic interactions are likely to vary depending on local physical conditions and on the characteristics of species that are locally dominant.

}, keywords = {algae, Arbacia lixula, assemblage, benthic assemblage, Capraia, coastal zone, comparison, density, depth, echinoderm, fish, fish assemblage, fishery, fishery impact, Giannutri, human impact, impact, invertebrate, island, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, Paracentrotus lividus, population, predation, protected area, protection, reefs, r{\^o}le, sea urchin, size, trophic cascad, western Mediterranean}, author = {F. Micheli and F. Romano and G. Chato Osio and C. Borsini and I. Bertocci and S. Gambaccini and L. Benedetti-Cecchi} } @article {324, title = {Conservation of Mediterranean seascapes: analyses of existing protection schemes}, journal = {Marine Environmental Research}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are aimed at managing and protecting marine environments.Their design, however, often disregards both a thorough knowledge of the distribution of habitats and assemblages and the use of proper experimental evaluations of the efficacy of MPAs by comparing protected vs. unprotected zones. About 200 MPAs have been recently instituted in the Mediterranean area, but the evidence of their efficacy is scant. The MPA of Torre Guaceto (Southern Adriatic Sea, Italy) is one of the rare cases of effective protection enforcement. The reserve was instituted more than 10 years ago, a period currently considered as sufficient to show responses by organisms to protection. The MPA is divided into a C zone, the general reserve, where many activities are permitted, a B zone, the partial reserve where restrictions increase and two A zones, the integral reserve where access is prohibited. The goals of the paper were to map the distribution of benthic assemblages to assess if they were properly represented in the differently protected zones, and to test the efficacy of protection by quantifying possible differences between the assemblages in two control areas and in the two A zones, where human impact is completely excluded. The analysis of habitat and assemblage distribution within the MPA showed that the zones with total protection do not include most valuable environmental types. Most of the considered variables (i.e. cover of substratum, number of taxa, and average abundance of the most common taxa) were not significantly different in and out of the A zones, at each time of sampling. Results, however, suggested a possible effect of protection in modifying patterns of abundance of sponges under Cystoseira canopy (more abundant in the fully protected zone). In the subtidal habitat, differences were found in the structure of the whole assemblage and in the abundance of encrusting coralline red algae (more abundant outside the fully protected area). Notwithstanding the correct general methodology employed in the study, a lack of statistical power could have a role in preventing the detection of ecologically relevant effects of protection. In some instances, data pooling allowed a discrimination between cases where there was clearly no effect of protection and cases where there might be. On this basis, the optimization of this experimental design should be considered in further studies. In any case, if the goals of MPAs have not been clearly stated, efficacy of protection might prove very difficult to test even with the use of sound experimental designs.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, algae, assemblage, benthic assemblage, benthos, biodiversity, conservation, Cystoseira, Cystoseira canopy, design, distribution, enforcement, environment, GIS assessment, habitat, human impact, impact, integral reserve, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, rocky shore, Torre Guaceto, western Mediterranean}, author = {S. Fraschetti and F. Boero and A. Terlizzi and S. Bussotti and G. Guarnieri and P. D{\textquoteright}Ambrosio} } @article {438, title = {Designing indicators for assessing the effects of marine protected areas on coral reef ecosystems: A multidisciplinary standpoint}, journal = {Aquatic Living Ressources}, volume = {18}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

The present paper aims at identifying and assessing indicators of the effects of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in coral reef regions, based on a bibliography review in ecology, economics and social sciences. First the various effects studied within each of these domains and the variables used to measure them were censused. Potential ecological indicators were assessed through their link with the question used (here termed \"relevance\") and their \"effectiveness\" which encompasses the issues of precision, accuracy and statistical power. Relevance and effectiveness were respectively measured by the frequency of use of each indicator and the proportion of significant results in the reviewed articles. For social and economic effects, the approach was not possible due to the low number of references; we thus discussed the issue of finding appropriate indicators for those fields. Results indicate: 1- the unbalance in literature between disciplines; 2- the need for protocols and methodologies which include controls in order to assess MPA effects; 3- an important proportion of ecological indicators with low effectiveness; 4- the large number of ecological effects still not studied or not demonstrated at present.

}, keywords = {conflict, ecological indicator, ecology, economic effect, economy, ecosystem, effectiveness, fish, fishery, impact, indicator, invertebrate, management, marine protected area, methodology, perception, protected area, protection effectiveness, review, social effect, socioeconomic aspects}, author = {D. Pelletier and M. Amand and J. Claudet and Y. Letourneur and O. Th{\'e}baud and J. Ferraris and G. David and M. Kulbicki and J-A. Garcia-Charton and R. Galzin} } @article {409, title = {Effects of fish feeding by snorkellers on the density and size distribution of fishes in a Mediterranean marine protected area}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Although there is a great deal of evidence to show that supplementary feeding by humans in terrestrial environments causes pronounced changes in the distribution and behaviour of wild animals, at present very little is known about the potential for such effects on marine fish. This study evaluated the consequences of feeding by snorkellers on fish assemblages in the no-take area of the Ustica Island marine protected area (MPA; western Mediterranean) by (1) determining if reef fish assemblage structure is affected in space and time by tourists feeding the fish; (2) assessing the effects of feeding on the abundance of the most common fish species; and (3) assessing the effects of feeding on the size structure of the two most numerically dominant ones. In particular, we hypothesised that both the abundance and the size structure of some fish species would increase at the study site following supplementary feeding, since the additional food provided by humans would make the site more appealing to them. Fish feeding influenced the fish assemblages within the Ustica MPA, and significant spatio-temporal changes occurred. While fish feeding appeared to have no effect on the ornate wrasse Thalassoma pavo, there was a noticeable increase in the number of Oblada melanura and Epinephelus marginatus in the impacted location after feeding. It is very likely that aggregations of fishes that evolve as a result of fish feeding by the public may have negative effects on local populations of fishes and invertebrates that make up their prey. Recreational use of coastal areas and MPAs is increasing elsewhere, making fish feeding a generalised human activity. Accurate information about its effect on the fish assemblage is essential to make responsible management decisions.

}, keywords = {assemblage, decision making, density, distribution, dusky, environment, Epinephelus marginatus, fish, fish assemblage, fish-feeding, human impact, impact, invertebrate, island, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, Oblada melanura, population, protected area, recreation, reef fish assemblage, serranidae, size, spatial heterogeneity, temporal heterogeneity, Thalassoma pavo, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, author = {M. Milazzo and R. Chemello and T. Vega Fernandez and F. Badalamenti} } @article {439, title = {Effects of fishing protection on the genetic structure of fish populations}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, volume = {129}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Marine reserves have been identified as an important tool in the management of fishery resources and their number is increasing rapidly, most of them being on islands. However, knowledge on the real effect of protection from fishing on the genetic structure of populations, the spatial scales involved, or the suitability of islands as reserves in terms of connectivity, is scarce. This paper analyses the effects of fishery protection on the genetic structure of populations of Diplodus sargus, a target species, in protected and non-protected areas of the western Mediterranean. Populations studied showed high genetic variability at spatial scales from 101 to 103 km. Protected areas have significantly higher allelic richness. The lower levels of heterozygosis and higher heterozygote deficit showed by islands compared with coastal areas makes clear the importance of considering the connectivity processes when designing a MPA.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, connectivity, conservation, Diplodus sargus, fish, fishery, France, island, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, population, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, scale, Spain, sparidae, Tabarca, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and J-A. Garcia-Charton and C. Marcos and P. Lenfant and M. Gonzalez-Wang{\"u}emert} } @article {350, title = {Evaluating the effects of protection on fish predators and sea urchins in shallow artificial rocky habitats: a case study in the northern Adriatic Sea}, journal = {Marine Environmental Research}, year = {2005}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, assemblage, density, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, echinoderm, fish, fish density, fishery, habitat, Italy, landscape, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Miramare, Paracentrotus lividus, population, predation, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, rocky shore, sea urchin, size, sparidae, Sparus aurata, western Mediterranean}, author = {P. Guidetti and F. Boero and S. Bussotti} } @article {494, title = {A GIS-Based Decision -Suport Tool for Zoning Italian Marine Protected Areas}, journal = {Impact 2005}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Italian Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are multiple objective, aiming to ensure environmental conservation and the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources. Italy has established 22 national MPAs and 28 more are foreseen by law. This national MPA system requires a standardised design approach. Zoning is the first tool applied to regulate human activities, focusing on conservation and the separation of usage conflicts. A multiple-use zoning should provide high protection to noteworthy natural areas and identify suitable zones for environmentally sustainable activities. ICRAM has conceived a specific GIS-Decision Support Tool (GIS-DST) as support to the Italian Ministry of Environment in the zoning of MPAs. This tool provides a comprehensible, reasonable and repeatable analysis process which clearly displays the final results. The GIS-DST integrates the following guidelines: the zoning plan must be of straightforward application; fragmentation among the zones must be minimal; boundaries must be based on easily identifiable land based points of reference; levels of protection must decrease progressively from maximum protection to unrestricted zones. The GIS-DST is conceived to assist decision makers in identifying priorities and facilitating the relations with the stakeholders. This tool delineates a comprehensive picture of all the environmental and socio-economic values and of their relative importance and helps the exchange of views with the stakeholders by clearly visualising the priorities and values.

}, keywords = {boundary, conflict, conservation, design, environment, GIS, guidelines, Italy, law, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, natural area, protected area, protection, stakeholders, value, western Mediterranean, zoning, zoning plan}, author = {L. Tunesi and G. Mo and T. Di Nora and S. Agnesi} } @article {453, title = {How is your MPA doing? A methodology for evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas}, journal = {Ocean and Coastal Management}, volume = {48}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Effective management of marine protected area (MPAs) requires continuous feedback of information to achieve objectives. In 2000, a collaborative initiative was launched to improve the management of MPAs. The initiative focused on working with managers, planners, and other decision-makers to develop a set of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of MPA use. This initiative was aimed at both enhancing the potential and capability for adaptive management of MPAs, as well as improving our understanding of how effective MPAs that are now being used around the world. This paper presents an overview of the MPA management effectiveness methodology and indicators, summary results of the testing phase of the guidebook at 18 MPAs around the world, and considerations for its application and use as an adaptive management tool for MPAs.

}, keywords = {effectiveness, indicator, management, management tool, marine protected area, methodology, protected area, protection effectiveness, review}, author = {R-S. Pomeroy and G-A. Cid and J-E. Parks and L-M. Watson} } @article {278, title = {Marine Protected Areas a tool for coastal areas management}, journal = {Strategic Management of Marine Ecosystems}, year = {2005}, chapter = {29-52}, abstract = {

Marine biodiversity is threatened by human impact. Though few marine species are regarded as being extinct due to Man, many species are critically endangered (e.g.the mon seal Monachus monachus), endangered (e.g. the mediterranean giant limpet Patella ferruginea) or vulnerable, i.e. dwindlongrapidly, although not threatened with extinction in the immediaite future (e.g. the marge mollusk pinna nobilis). There are also threats to ecosystems (ecodiversity), such as, in the Mediterranean, the Lythophyllum byssoides rim and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica meadow, Marine Protected Areas (MPA) were initially established to protect biodiversity via the removal of human exploitation and occupation. However, since the 1970, the notion of MPA has moved on to a more general concept of nature conservation, thne to amore dynamic one of nature management, within the framework of sustainable development. Today, the aims of MPAs are therefore six fold : nature conservation, public education, reference areas fo scintifis research, tourism, export of fish eggs, larvae and adults to adjacent areas and finally management of the various uses of the sea (e.g. commercial fishing, recreationnal fishing, pleasure boating and tourism) in such a way that they do not conflict with each other or with conservation aims. Mediterranean MPAs, especially the Port Cros National Park, illustrate the fact that they are rather characterized by the management of human activities than by a set of prohibitions and that there is no negative interaction between bioduversity conservation and artisanal fishing (i.e. small-scale commercial fishing), at least in the way it is done (i.e. with additional lining, etc.). Consequently, MPAs are generally of benefit to the economy (e.g. commercial fishing and tourism industry), not only wothin MPAs but also ion adjacent areas. They theredore constitute a powerful tool for integrated coastal management.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, boating, conservation, economy, ecosystem, fish, France, human impact, impact, island, management, marine protected area, national park, Pinna nobilis, Port-Cros, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, regulation, research, seagrass, sustainable development, threat, tourism, western Mediterranean}, author = {Boudouresque and Cadiou and Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h} } @article {373, title = {Outil de Gestion / Guide d{\textquoteright}aide}, year = {2005}, edition = {WWF-France}, abstract = {

Ce guide vise simplement

}, keywords = {AMP, formation, gestion, GIS, guidelines, indicator, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, protected area}, author = {Consejeria de Medio Ambiente and Junta de Andalucia} } @article {495, title = {Species richness and Biogeographic outlines of the fish assemblages of the Portofino Marine Protected Area (Ligurian Sea)}, journal = {Biol Mar Medit}, volume = {12}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

The results of studies on fish fauna through visual census tehniques carried out in the waters of Portofino promontory since 1991 are reported. Data collected to support the institution of the marine rotected area (MPA), established in 1999, are compared with new information to analyse modifications occuring in fish assemblage species composition. The recorded noticeable fish species richness in the study are allows to positively evaluate the effect of protection thereby giving elements to formulate some biogeographic affinity considerations.

}, keywords = {assemblage, biogeography, census, comparison, fauna, fish, fish assemblage, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Portofino, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, species richness, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {L. Tunesi and A. Molinari} } @article {338, title = {A theory for optimal monitoring of marine reserves}, journal = {Ecology Letters}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Monitoring of marine reserves has traditionally focused on the task of rejecting the null hypothesis that marine reserves have no impact on the population and community structure of harvested populations. We consider the role of monitoring of marine reserves to gain information needed for management decisions. In particular we use a decision theoretic framework to answer the question: how long should we monitor the recovery of an over-fished stock to determine the fraction of that stock to reserve? This exposes a natural tension between the cost (in terms of time and money) of additional monitoring, and the benefit of more accurately parameterizing a population model for the stock, that in turn leads to a better decision about the optimal size for the reserve with respect to harvesting. We found that the optimal monitoring time frame is rarely more than 5 years. A higher economic discount rate decreased the optimal monitoring time frame, making the expected benefit of more certainty about parameters in the system negligible compared with the expected gain from earlier exploitation.

}, keywords = {benefit, conservation, decision making, economy, effectiveness, fishery, impact, management, marine protected area, methodology, monitoring, population, profit, protected area, size, temporal heterogeneity}, author = {L-R. Gerber and H-P. Possingham and M-A. McCarthy and M. Beger} } @proceedings {515, title = {Workshop proceedings N{\textdegree}1 : Education and communication in marine protected areas / Actes du colloque : Education et communication dans les aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es}, year = {2005}, publisher = {WWF-France}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, address = {Miramare Italy}, abstract = {

This corpus of texts is the result of a meeting that was held at the Miramare Natural Marine Reserve (Italy) during the first workshop re-launching the MedPAN network on \"Communication, sensitization and environmental education in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)\" from 18 to 21 May 2005.The proceedings of this workshop aim at giving an overall view on how Mediterranean MPAs are dealing with issues such as information to the general public, dissemination and educational activities on environmental subjects, conservation and marine and coastal habitats. At the same time, we wish to present the new ideas and perspectives that participants have developed in their presentations and during their debates.Only the most important points of the presentations and the relevant questions and answers have been included in this document so as to make it more useful and user-friendly.It is divided into three parts:1. communication and sensitisation;2. environmental education;3. visitor centres.Cet ensemble de textes est issu des travaux qui ont eu lieu

}, keywords = {AMP, awareness, communication, conservation, consultation and consencus building, education, environment, establishment, habitat, Italy, management, management tool, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, Miramare, natural marine reserve, network, protected area, recreation, research, r{\'e}seau, r{\'e}serve marine, sensibilisation, sustainable development, visitation}, author = {WWF-MedPAN} } @proceedings {514, title = {Workshop proceedings N{\textdegree}2: Mediterranean MPAs: preparing and using management plans, management evaluation / Actes des ateliers MedPAN N{\textdegree}2: AMP de M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e : pr{\'e}paration et utilisation des plans de gestion, {\'e}valuation de la gestion}, year = {2005}, publisher = {WWF-France}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, address = {Cabo de Gata Natural Park, Spain}, abstract = {

The texts in this document represent brief summaries of the different presentations given by various members of the MedPAN Project, focusing on the preparation and use of management plans for Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and finally on the evaluation of these management plans at this second workshop of the MedPAN network.Through these proceedings we aim to show which are the different methods which have been carried out by each MPA when it comes to preparing and putting into use their management plan as well as its evaluation, the importance of taking into account the participation of local stakeholders, those responsible of the different activities affected by the management plan (fisheries, local tourism, water sports...).Also we will introduce the conclusions of three working groups which brainstormed on the following issues: 1/ What are the criteria for zoning? 2/ What is essential in a participation process? 3/ What is specific to MPAs in management planning? Do we need a specific model of management plan for MPAs? Aiming to make this an easy and manageable document we have only included summaries of the participants presentations, as well as some of the most relevant questions and answers. These presentations have been organised as follows :- Preparing Management Plans and Participation Processes- Working Groups- Use of Management Plans and Evaluating ManagementLes textes dans ce document sont les r\ésum\és des diff\érentes pr\ésentations qui faites par les membres du projet MedPAN, sur la pr\éparation et l{\textquoteright}utilisation des plans de gestions dans les aires marines prot\ég\ées (AMP) ainsi que l{\textquoteright}\évaluation de ces plans de gestion.Ces actes visent

}, keywords = {AMP, assessment, consultation and consencus building, effectiveness, evaluation, fishery, gestion, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, network, planning, protected area, stakeholders, tourism, zoning}, author = {WWF-MedPAN} } @book {452, title = {How is Your MPA Doing? A Guidebook of Natural and Social Indicators for Evaluating Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness / Comment va votre AMP? Guide sur les indicateurs naturels et sociaux destin{\'e}s}, year = {2004}, publisher = {IUCN, Gland, Suisse et Cambridge, United Kingdom}, organization = {IUCN, Gland, Suisse et Cambridge, United Kingdom}, edition = {IUCN; IUCN and Natural Resources}, abstract = {

This guidebook offers managers and other conservation practioners a process and methods to evaluate the effectiveness of MPA for the purposes of adaptive management. The evaluation is based on indicators that measure the effectiveness of management actions in attaining goals and objectives that are specific to MPA, the marine environment and coastal communities. Its presents aflexible approach that can be used in many types of MPA, such as multiple-use areas or no-take zones, where each may have differents goals and objectives. It offers a variety of indicators that reflects a diversity of MPA goals and objectives. These can be selected to best match your MPA based on needs ans resources of your site.This guidebook consists of 2 sections ; section 1 outlines the process for conducting an evaluation, and Section 2 decribes the indicators that would be measured in an evaluation.Section1 is structured around a set if logical steps tant you can follow when you conduct a management effectiveness evaluation. these steps are set out in 4 chapters that represent the overall evaluation process:Chapter 1 : Selecting an appropriate set of indicators selectedChapter 2 : Planning how to evaluate the indicatirs selectedChapter 3 : Implementing the evaluation by collecting and analysing dataChapter 4 : Communicating results and using the results for adaptive managementSection 2 contains an introduction to the MPA effectiveness indicators, summary tables of goals, objectives and indicator ans outlines of the biophysical, socio-economic and governance indicators.Ce guide propose aux gestionnaires et aux praticiens de la conservation un processus et des m\éthodes pour \évaluer l{\textquoteright}efficacit\é des aires marines prot\ég\ées (AMP) aux fins de la gestion adaptative. L{\textquoteright}\évaluation est bas\ée sur des indicateurs qui mesurent l{\textquoteright}efficacit\é des actions de gestion pour atteindre les buts et objectifs sp\écifiques aux AMP,

}, keywords = {adaptative management, AMP, assessment, communication, conservation, diversity, effectiveness, environment, gestion, governance, guidelines, indicator, management, management tool, marine protected area, methodology, partnership, planning, protected area, protection effectiveness, review, socioeconomic aspects}, author = {R-S. Pomeroy and L-M. Watson and J-E. Parks} } @proceedings {285, title = {Is there a negative interaction between biodiversity conservation and artisanal fishing in a Marine Protected Area, the Port-Cros National Park (France, Mediterranean Sea) ?}, journal = {Port Cros National Park}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Protected areas are no longer seen as "islands" of nature and tranquility surrounded by a "sea" of incompatible uses, but are a part of a broader regional approach to land and sea management. Local people should not be excluded a priori from protected areas. this is the case of Port-Cros nationla park: artisanal fishing (i.e. small-scale commercial fishing) is authorised in most of the area, though subject to additionnal constraints to those enforce by the general legislation (wider mesh size, limited amount of gear per fiher, time for the setting and removal of gear, restrictions on the use of hooks, long-lining included, prohibition of trawling, etc...). In the Mediterranean, recreationnal fishing and artisanal fishing may be significant. At Port-Cros, spear fishing is banned and angling partly prohibited, wich can releive the total (recreationnal+artisanal) fishing pressure on the fish stock. The benthic ecosystems of the Port-Cros national park are healthy and species diversity is high. As far as artisanal fishing is concerned, fishing effort and fish yield cannot be considered as lower at Port-Cros than in non-protected areas. Overall, it seems that there is no negative interaction between biodiversity conservation and artisanal fishing (at least in the way it is practised).

}, keywords = {artisanal fishery, biodiversity, conservation, diversity, ecosystem, fish, fishery, France, island, legislative, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, national park, Port-Cros, protected area, recreationnal fishery, size, trawling, western Mediterranean}, author = {Boudouresque and Cadiou and Guerin and Robert and Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h} } @article {487, title = {Limited effectiveness of marine protected areas: imposex in Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda, Muricidae) populations from Italian marine reserves}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {48}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

This study aims to provide further information about the current extent of imposex in H. trunculus along the coasts of Italy and to evaluate the current situation of organotin impact inside Italian MPAs (CAPO RIZZUTO, CINQUE TERRE, ISOLE CICLOPI, ISOLE DI VENTOTENE E S. STEFANO, ISOLE PELAGIE, ISOLE TREMITI, MIRAMARE, PORTO CESAREO, PORTOFINO, PUNTA CAMPANELLA, TAVOLARA, TORRE GUACETO, USTICA). Approximately 40 adult specimens of H. trunculus (\>4 cm) were collected by snorkeling and SCUBA diving from no-take and no-access zones (integral protection or A Zone) of 13 Italian MPAs (Fig. 1). This study has demonstrated the spread of imposex in H. truculus affecting populations from all the considered locations. Imposex was recorded in all the populations and, in eight out of 13 MPAs investigated, all females were recorded to exhibit imposex (though at different levels).

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, Campanella, Capo Rizzuto, Ciclopi, coastal use, coastal zone, Di ventotene e stefano, effectiveness, gastropoda, Hexaplex trunculus, impact, invertebrate, island, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Miramare, Pelagie, pollution, population, Porto Cesareo, Portofino, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, scuba-diving, Tavolara, Torre Guaceto, Tremiti, tributyltin, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. Terlizzi and S. Geraci and M. Faimali and F. Garaventa and A-L. Delos} } @article {295, title = {Marine Protected Areas and artificial reefs: A review of the interactions between management and scientific studies}, journal = {Aquatic Living Ressources}, year = {2004}, chapter = {129-138}, abstract = {

Inshore marine areas host key habitats for the biological cycle of many marine populations, but are subject to strong anthropogenic pressure. Uses of inshore areas are multiple and often give rise to conflicting interests. In this context, marine protected areas (MPAs) and artificial reefs (ARs) are increasingly regarded as interesting management measures, in that they contribute to ecosystem conservation, fisheries sustainability, and because they can be helpful in zoning coastal areas in order to reduce conflicts between users. Beyond these expected benefits, it is important to appraise whether MPAs and ARs meet managers{\textquoteright} objectives. This review focuses on the interaction between ecological sciences and management in the purpose of establishing or monitoring MPAs and ARs. We first study how objectives have to be formalized through management plans, and which kinds of information need to be collected in this respect.We then report management objectives related to MPAs and ARs, and list corresponding observed effects. Finally, we discuss the present role of monitoring and scientific research in the management process and propose a few perspectives for scientific research.

}, keywords = {artificial reef, assessment, benefit, conflict, conservation, ecosystem, fish, fishery, habitat, impact, management, marine protected area, monitoring, population, protected area, reefs, research, review, zoning}, author = {Claudet and Pelletier} } @article {384, title = {Monitoring the artisanal fishing effort in marine protected areas on the french mediterranean coast}, journal = {Terre Vie}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Measures taken for the management of the natural patrimony of the Mediterranean MPA are nowadays designed in such a way as to take account both the aims of protection and the maintenance of small traditionnal fisheries. the managers thus need (i) details knowledge of fishing practices, (ii) monitoring over time of indicators relevant to the local fishery (resource and fishing effort) and (iii) collaboration with fishermen. A panel of methods (fishing log book, day-to-day charts of distribution of fishing gear, embarkation of scientists, landing port enquiries) have been implemented in the national park of Port-Cros (French Riviera) and in the natural reserve of Scandola (Corsica) and might be adapted for other sites according to the degree of cooperation existing between fishermen and park officers. In both cases, surveys have provided a basis for characterizing the activities of the artisanal fisheries : description of the fishing fleet, the equipment used, the fishing patterns and sites, the species targeted and for calculation of the yield per outing, per net, per piece of net, per type of mesh and per species or category of fish. Information on the space-time patterns of distibution of the fishing effort has been delivered in the form of charts (GIS - Geographical Information System) for different periods of year.

}, keywords = {artisanal fishery, category, cooperation, Corsica, distribution, fish, fishery, France, GIS, indicator, island, Ligurian Sea, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, national park, natural reserve, Port-Cros, protected area, protection, Scandola, western Mediterranean}, author = {L. Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h and C.F. Boudouresque and G. Cadiou} } @article {288, title = {Spatial variation of intertidal assemblages at Tavolara-Capo Coda Cavallo MPA (NE Sardinia): geographical vs. protection effect}, journal = {Marine Environmental Research}, year = {2004}, chapter = {533-546}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) represent a potentially useful management tool to preserve biodiversity. Protection effectiveness was investigated at Tavolara-Capo Coda Cavallo MPA by comparing assemblages of rocky shores at a location A level of protection (island), with those at two locations at B level of protection (one on an island and one on the mainland coast) and two at C level of protection (one on an island and one on the mainland coast).Results did not indicate significant differences in structure of intertidal assemblages among locations under different levels of protection (A, B and C). Protection was not found to be a significant source of variation to low-shore assemblages investigated. In contrast, assemblages seemed to be more dependent on the geographical location within the MPA. Results have important implications for conservation of marine coastal assemblages and would indicate that inclusion of representative assemblages within systems of marine protected areas should target rocky shores both on the mainland and on islands.

}, keywords = {assemblage, biodiversity, biogeography, conservation, effectiveness, island, Italy, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, rocky shore, Sardinia, Tavolara, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {Ceccherelli and Casu and Sechi} } @article {300, title = {Application des lignes directrices WCPA marine/WWF : MIRAMARE a demonstration case}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

This report is the case ot Miramare Natural Marine Reserve of Triestre, Italy, and how this particular MPA followed the fiel-testing process of the guidebook. This case study will provide MPA managers ans practitioners working in similar MPAs an example of how the guidebook can be applied and adapted to conduct management effectiveness evaluations.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, assessment, effectiveness, Italy, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, methodology, Miramare, natural marine reserve, western Mediterranean}, author = {Costantini and Spoto and Cid} } @article {408, title = {Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy, western Mediterranean): effect of anchor types in different anchoring stages}, journal = {Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

Seagrasses worldwide are noted for suffering from mechanical damage caused by boat anchoring. This is particularly so in sites highly frequented by boaters (marine protected areas or coastal urbanised areas). In the last decades, different strategies have been put into practice to reduce such impacts on seagrasses (i.e. by anchoring bans or by deploying boat moorings). More recently, in consideration that few marine protected area (MPA) management bodies or local administrations have the resources to enforce their anchorage regulations, the self-regulatory approach based on education and information of boaters has been preferred in several cases. At present, however, very little is known on the correct anchoring practices to ensure the safeguarding of seagrasses. The aim of the present study was to experimentally quantify in the field the damage caused to Posidonia oceanica shoot density by anchoring. A multifactorial experiment was designed to test whether the damage is dependent on (1) different anchor types (Hall, Danforth and Folding grapnel), (2) the use of a chain vs. a rope, (3) the three anchoring stages (anchor fall, dragging/lock-in and weighing), and finally (4) whether the pattern is consistent among different locations of the meadow.As expected, the three anchor types employed in the present study differed in the levels of damage inflicted on the P. oceanica meadows of the Ustica Island MPA. In particular, the use of the Hall type anchor seems to be preferable to minimise this impact in comparison with the other two anchor types. Moreover, the effect on the meadow of the three anchor types is greatly dependent on the anchoring stage. These results confirm that the weighing stage is the critical stage of the anchoring process. The number of damaged shoots of P. oceanica was not affected by the presence of the chain. These patterns were consistent between locations.

}, keywords = {anchoring, boating, comparison, density, education, impact, island, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, mooring, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, regulation, seagrass, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, author = {M. Milazzo and F. Badalamenti and G. Ceccherelli and R. Chemello} } @article {391, title = {Coastal Fish Diversity in three Marine protected Areas and one Unprotected Area in the Gulf of Triestre (Northen Adriatic)}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

The coastal fish assemblage in three protected sites and one unportected area in the Slovenian part of the Gulf of Triestre (Northen Adriactic) was studied. Species composition and richness were comparable at all studtied sties, including the control unprotected area. Differences in fish density between the protected area of Debeli rtic ans the unprotected area of Fiesa-Pacug were revealed using correspondance analysis. Particulary the densities of certain labrid species (Symphodus cinereus and S. roissali) were higher in the protected area. Those differences are attribuate to the extented and densely vegetated infralittoral belt of the Debelli rtic area rather than to its protected status.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, assemblage, Cape Madona, comparison, Debeli rtic, density, diversity, eastern Mediterranean, Fiesa-Pacug, fish, fish assemblage, fish density, Gulf of Triestre, labridae, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, nature monument, nature reserve, protected area, protection effectiveness, Slovenia, Strunjan, Symphodus cinereus, Symphodus roissali, unprotected area}, author = {L. Lipej and M. Sisko and M. Orlando Bonaca} } @proceedings {502, title = {The development of the SPAMI list}, year = {2003}, publisher = {RAC/SPA}, address = {Marseille}, abstract = {

This document first describes orientation and approaches for the establishment of a real network of marine protected areas. The first section includes discussions of the advantages of networks of MPAs as opposed to assemblages of unconnected MPAs, the ways in which networks should be designed, the need of identifying gaps, using scientific criteria, and adopting an ecosystem approach, the need of addressing the issue of governance and of establishing a link between the SPAMI system and integrated coastal zone management. The second section of the document describes the current situation of the SPAMI system, and provides a brief summary of the requirements for SPAMIs deriving from the provisions of the Protocol. Finally, the document suggests a number of implementation actions aimed at the improvement of the functionality of the established SPAMIs, and to the achievement of the future harmonic growth of the system into a full-fledged, effective regional network of MPAs.

}, keywords = {coastal zone, current status, ecosystem, ecosystem approach, management, marine protected area, network, protected area, selection, SPAMI}, author = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA} } @book {379, title = {Management of Protected Areas in the Mediterranean : Assessment and Opportunities of Networks and Action Plans / Gestion des Aires Prot{\'e}g{\'e}es M{\'e}diterran{\'e}ennes : Evaluation et Opportunit{\'e}s des R{\'e}seaux et Plans d{\textquoteright}action}, year = {2003}, publisher = {IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation}, organization = {IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation}, edition = {IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation}, address = {Malaga, Spain}, abstract = {

This paper intends to review the plans and networks for protected areas in the Mediterranean region. It will focus on the management and institutional weaknesses, strengths, gaps and synergies, trying to highlight those areas where further work is needed. It seeks to review on what has been done rather than on forward looking plans.With this purpose this paper is organised as follows:Part 1. Introductory remarks and methods, together with a rapid overview of natural values and conservation problems in the region.Part 2. Overview of the status of protected areas, and a revision of the main gaps and needs, as based on the information from regional assessments and Experts{\textquoteright} Meetings.Part 3. Assessment of the main regional networks of protected areas, their action plans and status of implementation, in relation to the weaknesses previously found.Part 4. Identification of the main gaps and needs in action, and preliminary conclusions on best opportunities to create synergies, between existing plans and networks, along the four priority streams for Durban 2003Ce document tente de revoir les plans et les r\éseaux pour les aires prot\ég\ées de la zone M\éditerran\éenne. Il fait le point sur la gestion et les faiblesses des institutions, les forces, les manques et la dynamique des aires o\ù un travail approfondi est utile. Il met l{\textquoteright}accent sur ce qui a \ét\é fait plut\ôt que sur les projets.Dans ce sens, le document se pr\ésente comme suit :1ere partie Remarques d{\textquoteright}introduction et m\éthodes, avec un rapide aper\çu des valeurs naturelles et des probl\èmes de conservation dans cette r\égion.2\ème partie Aper\çu des statuts des zones prot\ég\ées, et r\évision des principaux manques et besoins,

}, keywords = {action plan, assessment, Barcelona convention, biosphere reserve, conservation, convention, Emerald, Europarc, gestion, governance, legislative, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Mediterreanean Action Plan, methodology, Natura 2000, network, partnership, policy, protected area, Ramsar, review, revision, size, socioeconomic aspects, stakeholders, threat, value}, author = {A. Lopez Ornat and E. Correas} } @article {329, title = {Multi-scale spatial heterogeneity, habitat structure, and the effect of marine reserves on Western Mediterranean rocky reef fish assemblages}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

A hierarchical sampling design, spanning five orders of magnitude (from 10s of metres to 100s of kilometres) was created in order to quantify the multiscale spatial variability of visually censused rocky reef ish assemblages in the western Mediterranean Sea. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that species abundance and the biomass of reef fish populations is higher within than outside marine reserves (Cabo de Gata Nijar, Aguilas, Cabo de Palos, Isla Grosa, Cabrera, Western-Mallorca and Columbretes), and that a north-to-south geographical gradient of these variables exists. We also explored the relationship between the fish assemblage and habitat structure, as an environmental factor likely to account for an important part of the observed variability. The mixed analyses of variance revealed that total abundance and biomass, species richness and abundance and biomass of several target species reached higher average values within marine reserves. Nevertheless, some non-protected localities (e.g. Aguilas) harboured richer and more abundant fish assemblages than some marine reserves. In addition, regional variation, attributable to differences in local carrying capacity and hydroclimatic conditions, are also shown across the studied area. Moreover, the studied assemblage is patchy at small and/or intermediate spatialscales, considering both assemblage descriptors (total abundance and biomass, species richness), and the abundance and biomass of fish species and spatial categories.Detected patterns were different depending on the species and assemblage variables analysed. Differences in habitat structure account for a significant proportion of total variability of the studied variables, and are likely to be responsible for a large part of the observed differences, especially at small-to-intermediate spatial scales. Other factors-spatial variability in larval distribution, settlement and/or post-settlement survival- are discussed in order to explain the observed differences.We concluded that causes of the observed patchiness of Mediterranean reef fish assemblages are probably multiple. Long-term, multi-scale spatial and temporal monitoring actions, as well as process-oriented manipulative experiments are urgently needed in order to ascertain the relative importance of each factor.

}, keywords = {Alboran Sea, assemblage, biomass, Cabo de Gata Nijar, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Cabrera, category, Columbretes, comparison, design, distribution, effectiveness, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, habitat, heterogeneity, island, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, population, protected area, recruitment, reef fish assemblage, review, scale, Spain, spatial heterogeneity, species abundance, species richness, temporal heterogeneity, transects, unprotected area, value, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {J-A. Garcia-Charton and O. Renones and D. Moreno Lampreave and J. Bayle-Sempere and P. Sanchez-Jerez and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa} } @article {298, title = {Recommendations on methodology for monitoring the effectiveness of MPA management}, year = {2003}, address = {Belize - Guatemala - Honduras - Mexico}, abstract = {

A total of 15 marine protected areas (MPAs) within the MBRS region have been identified for special attention within the GEF-World Bank Conservation and Sustainable Management of the MBRS project.We were able to obtain detailed information on the current status of all MPAs except Punta de Manabique and Omoa-Baracoa, neither of which is yet formally established or under active management. Information came from detailed questionnaires provided to reserve managers. While there are clearly substantial differences among the reserves, three things stood out as widely representative. Their management operations are poorly financed and their staff lack equipment and facilities necessary for effective management. A review of current best practice for evaluating MPA management effectiveness reveals a predominant focus on the monitoring of the biophysical attributes of the non-human components of marine ecosystems.Recognizing that MPA management must be adaptive, a program to assess management effectiveness requires that a baseline of objective data be established for a carefully selected suite of evaluation criteria.RECOMMENDATION 1Make use of the SMP(Synoptic Monitoring Program) in all MPAs.Monitor the minimum suite of environmental variables established for the Synoptic: The resulting environmental database will provide several measures of management effectiveness in terms of its ability to preserve habitat quality.RECOMMENDATION 2Undertake more detailed monitoring of the abundance and health attributes of particularly valued or vulnerable ecosystem components when these are explicit targets of management.RECOMMENDATION 3Monitor reference sites outside MPAs.RECOMMENDATION 4Provide the necessary inputs of resources to the SMP (Synoptic Monitoring Program).RECOMMENDATION 5Management staff of each MPA should plan a deliberate test of the effectiveness of the biophysical metrics being monitored, and assessing the responsiveness of metrics to it.RECOMMENDATION 6Measure fishery benefits.RECOMMENDATION 7Measure tourism benefits.RECOMMENDATION 8Measure educational benefits.RECOMMENDATION 9Measure public opinion.RECOMMENDATION 10Measure management input and output statistics.

}, keywords = {benefit, conservation, current status, ecosystem, effectiveness, fishery, habitat, health, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, methodology, monitoring, population, protected area, protection, regulation, review, size, staff, tourism}, author = {Conservation and sustainable use of the mesoamerican barrier reef systems project (MBRS)} } @article {299, title = {Training manual on design and development of management plans for marine protected areas}, year = {2003}, address = {Belize - Guatemala - Honduras - Mexico}, abstract = {

Management Plans are one of the fundamental tools that guide management and define the terms of the ecosystems, the human communities and the administrative components of the plan, required in accordance with the management category.With this manual, the MBRS Project reaffirms its commitment to generate support material for the conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal resources, with the participation of the different sectors of civil society, governmental and non-governmental organizations, promoting participatory forums for decision-making.It is our intention that this tool be used in mass training courses and serve as a guide in the processes of revising, updating, re-orienting and preparing Management Plans for MPA{\textquoteright}s in the various countries of the Mesoamerican region. In so doing, it will strengthen the efforts to conserve biological diversity as well as foster community development by increasing the diversity of actors and levels of participation in the management process.

}, keywords = {biological diversity, category, conservation, decision making, design, diversity, ecosystem, management, management tool, marine protected area, methodology, planning, protected area}, author = {Conservation and sustainable use of the mesoamerican barrier reef systems project (MBRS)} } @article {398, title = {Biomass Size Spectra in Littoral Fishes in Protected and Unprotected Areas in the NW Mediterranean}, journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The biomass size spectra in the littoral rocky fish communities in the Medes Island Marine Reserve and three unprotected localities from the NW Mediterranean were studied over a period of two years. A large number of individuals (81 478 in the protected area and 59 536 in the unprotected zones), belonging to 57 species, were censused. Communities were studied in different characteristic habitats (rocky bottoms and Posidonia oceanica sea grass beds). The slopes of the curves for the normalized size spectra showed that fish biomass in rocky areas was nearly constant from the smallest to the largest size classes. That trend was observed in both the unexploited and the moderately exploited areas, suggesting that the removal of large ichthyophagous individuals (e.g. Dentex dentex, Dicentrarchus labrax, Epinephelus marginatus) did not significantly affect the scale of population biomass with size. The pattern was different for the seagrass bed communities, in that the biomass of the larger size classes tended to increase in the protected area, whereas biomass was nearly constant across all the size classes in the exploited area. These results suggest that the communities at seagrass beds could be more sensitive to disturbance, because a large portion of the fish biomass is concentrated in one or a few species (e.g. Sarpa salpa). This study underscores the interest held out by marine reserves as a point of reference for studies on fish community size spectra and point out the existence of dissimilar size spectrum distributions in heterogeneous communities.

}, keywords = {biomass, coastal zone, comparison, curve, Dicentrarchus labrax, distribution, dusky, Epinephelus marginatus, fish, habitat, island, littoral, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, population, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, rocky shore, Sarpa salpa, scale, seagrass, serranidae, size, Spain, trend, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {E. Macpherson and A. Garcia-Rubies and A. Gordon} } @article {410, title = {The impact of human recreationnal Activities in Marine portected areas : What lessons Should be learnt in the Mediterranean Sea?}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The aesthetic appealvof marine reserves and the facilities provided, together with the increased public awareness of nature, all contibute to creating massive tourism in MPAs. Human activities are being changed inside MPAs in two ways : humans as top predators are generally being removed, but in tunrn they could come back at great numbers as vistors.Many authors have studied the impact of visitors, and the results highlight that the consequances can be very substantial and may reprensent a severe threat to the overall diversity of marine communities. To date, the documented effects of human recreationnal activities on natural communities are restricted to assessing the consequences of trampling over tidal and upper infralittoral areas, boat anchoring in seagrass meadows and tropical reefs, or SCUBA-diving.In this paper, we review the available litterature world-wide on the effects of human recreationnal activites in marine communities. The objective is to adress the extent of theses impacts and to highloght the gaps of knowledge to be filled in order to optimise decision making on research, monitoring, and management of Mediterranean MPAs. A specific plan for managing tourism use in each Mediterranean MPA should be designated. Tehses strategies should be implemented through education, training, and changes in legislation and policy.

}, keywords = {algae, anchoring, awareness, benthos, communication, conservation, corraligenous, decision making, diversity, education, fish, human impact, impact, invertebrate, legislative, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, policy, recreation, reefs, research, review, scuba-diving, seagrass, threat, tourism, trampling, visitation}, author = {M. Milazzo and R. Chemello and F. Badalamenti and R. Camarda and S. Roggio} } @article {263, title = {Implications of spatial heterogeneity for management of marine protected areas (MPAs): examples from assemblages of rocky coasts in the northwest Mediterranean}, journal = {Marine Environmental Research}, year = {2002}, chapter = {429-458}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly used as a management tool to preserve species and habitats. Testing hypotheses about the effectiveness of MPAs is important for their implementation and to identify informative criteria to support management decisions. This study tested the general proposition that MPAs affected assemblages of algae and invertebrates between 0.0 and 0.5 m above the mean low water level of rocky coasts on two islands in the Tuscan Archipelago (northwest Mediterranean). Protection was concentrated mainly on the west coasts of the islands, raising the possibility that neither the full range of assemblages nor the relevant scales of variation were properly represented within MPAs. This motivated the comparison of assemblages on opposite sides of islands (habitats). The effects of MPAs and habitat were assessed with a multifactorial sampling design; hypotheses were tested about differences in structure of assemblages, in mean abundance of common taxa and in univariate and multivariate measures of spatial variation. The design consisted of three replicate shores for each condition of protected and reference areas on the west side of each island and three unprotected shores on the eastern side. Assemblages were sampled independently four times on each island between June 1999 and January 2001. At each time of sampling two sites were selected randomly at each of two tidal heights to represent midshore and lowshore assemblages on each shore. Estimates of abundance were obtained using nondestructive sampling methods from five replicate 2020 cm quadrats at each site. Results indicated differences among habitats in structure of assemblages, in mean abundance of common taxa and in univariate and multivariate measures of spatial variation at the scale of shores. Most of these patterns were inconsistent with the predicted effect of management through MPAs. The data suggest that designation of MPAs in the Tuscan Archipelago should proceed through management of multiple shores and types of habitat selected to guarantee protection to a representative sample of assemblages and to the processes responsible for maintenance of spatial patchiness at different scales. This study also shows that considerations of spatial heterogeneity are important to underpin management decisions about the number, size and location of MPAs.

}, keywords = {algae, assemblage, comparison, decision making, design, distribution, effectiveness, fish assemblage, habitat, heterogeneity, invertebrate, island, Italy, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection, rocky shore, size, spatial heterogeneity, Toscan, western Mediterranean}, author = {Benedetti-Cecchi and Bertocci and Micheli and Maggi and Fosella and Vaselli} } @article {348, title = {The importance of experimental design in detecting the effects of protection measures on fish in Mediterranean MPAs}, journal = {Aquatic conservation marine and freshwater ecosystems}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

1. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are currently proliferating in the Mediterranean Sea. The assessment of their role in the protection and recovery of overexploited fish populations, however, is not yet completely supported by an adequate body of scientific evidence. This is in part because the number of studies that unambiguously assess changes induced by protection is limited.2. Sampling to detect and measure the expected effects of protection on commercial fish (e.g. increase in mean abundance and size) is made difficult by intrinsic natural spatial and temporal variability. Ideally, temporal replication before and after the establishment of MPAs is necessary for estimating the average conditions in time. Spatial replication of control locations, on the other hand, is essential to prevent confusion in interpreting a difference between protected and unprotected locations. Until now, the basic requirements for appropriate experimental designs in MPAs were seldom satisfied, especially in the Mediterranean region.3. In the present paper, an ideal experimental design aimed at overcoming many of the confounding influences that could result in misinterpretations of the results is considered, with a discussion of implications of applying less and less appropriate designs because of pragmatic constraints. Experimental design should thus be adapted to each individual MPA under study on the basis of the specific constraints that researchers face (e.g. {\textquoteright}before{\textquoteright} (i.e. pre-designation) data are lacking; there is a single or more than one protected locations).4. The issues related to MPAs, chiefly in the Mediterranean region, need to be considered to enable the identification of unambiguous hypotheses prior to sampling, based on clear logical structures. The importance of appropriate sampling and the subsequent interpretation of data would progressively reduce the degree of uncertainty of environmental analyses about the effects of MPAs on fish, with important implications for their management and further proliferation.

}, keywords = {assessment, comparison, design, establishment, fish, fishery, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, population, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, protection measure, r{\^o}le, size, spatial heterogeneity, stakeholders, temporal heterogeneity, unprotected area}, author = {P. Guidetti} } @article {325, title = {Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Sea: Objectives, Effectiveness and Monitoring}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The number of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is continuously increasing worldwide because of the increasing recognition of the profound effects that humans can have on marine systems. A large body of literature deals with marine reserves and their potential as conservation and management tools. In several cases, empirical evidence demonstrated that reserves can harbour greater diversity, higher abundance, and larger organisms than unprotected areas. In most cases, however, reserve design and site selection involved little scientific justification, with no direct test of most of the mechanisms assumed to work in a marine reserve. Field investigations of subtidal marine reserves are generally confounded by intrinsic ecological differences between sites investigated inside and outside reserves, by a lack of site and reserve replication, or by the absence of information about the biota before reserve establishment. This is particularly true in the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this paper is to show that, at least in the Mediterranean basin, the effectiveness of MPAs has been rarely demonstrated because of lack of appropriate sampling designs. An MPA can be considered as a zone subjected to human impact, presumably a positive one. As a consequence, we propose the use of experimental procedures generally utilised for detecting environmental impacts.

}, keywords = {assemblage, conservation, design, diversity, effectiveness, human impact, impact, management, management tool, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, procedure, protected area, protection effectiveness, selection, spatial heterogeneity, temporal heterogeneity, unprotected area}, author = {S. Fraschetti and F. Boero and L. Benedetti-Cecchi and F. Micheli and A. Terlizzi} } @article {510, title = {Zoning Marine Protected Areas through Spatial Multiple-Criteria Analysis : the cas of the Asinara Island National Marine Reserve of Italy}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {16}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

As the role of marine protected areas as conservation tools become better understood and more sophisticated, their planning becomes more complicated. Systematic, objective approaches to site selection and design can help reconcile conflictong interests, represent stakeholders{\textquoteright} viewpoints fairly and evenly, and criteria analysis for determinig the suitability of marine areas for different uses an levels of protection. This technique couples geographic information systems (GIS) for land assessment and evaluation with a formal statement of the disgn priorities as seen from the different viewpoints of all involved stakeholders. The planning process, while staying focused on the main purposes of conservation and feasibility, involves all the main interest groups in the definition of priorities so that conflicts and tensions are kelp under control. We used multiple-criteria analysis to integrate objective data with the contrasting priorities of different stakeholders in the planning of a marine protected area. The results of the analysis can be used to define an optimal spatial arrangement of different protection levels. As a case study, we developed a zoning plan for one of the first marine protected areas in Italy, the Asinara Island National Marine Reserve.

}, keywords = {Asinara, assessment, conflict, conservation, criteria analysis, design, evaluation, GIS, island, Italy, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, planning, protected area, protection, r{\^o}le, selection, stakeholders, western Mediterranean, zoning, zoning plan}, author = {F. Villa and T. Agardy and L. Tunesi} } @article {513, title = {Economic effects of marine protected areas on small-scale fisheries: a case study of the trawl ban in the Gulf of Castellammare, Sicily}, year = {2001}, edition = {University of Portsmouth 2001}, address = {Plymouth United Kingdom}, abstract = {

Despite growing interest in Marine Protected Areas, relatively little is still known in practice about their economic impact or their distributional consequences for stakeholders. The present paper, based on an EU-funded project, attempts to shed light on this issue by examining the economics of an artisanal fishery operating in an area of NW Sicily from which trawlers have been excluded. The main issues examined relate to the financial performance of trammel net vessels, focussing especially on (i) current profitability levels, (ii) financial implications of changes in catch rates, (iii) financial viability of capital investment and (iv comparative performance of vessels inside and outside the trawl ban area.

}, keywords = {artisanal fishery, Castellamare, economic effect, economy, financement, fishery, impact, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, protected area, scale, Sicilia, size, stakeholders, trawling, western Mediterranean}, author = {D. Whitmarsh and G. D{\textquoteright}Anna and F. Badalamenti and C. Pipitone and H. Pickering and C. James} } @article {473, title = {The marine protected area of Portofino, Italy: a difficult balance}, journal = {Ocean and Coastal Management}, volume = {44}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

The Portofino promontory extends for 13km along the northwestern Italian coast. This peninsula has a rough coastline, steep seabed, and high indices of biodiversity, both in its terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In 1935, a terrestrial protected area was established, preventing the intense urban development and mass tourism that characterises nearby areas today. Presently, the economies of the small towns in the area are based on elite tourism and recreational boating. Based on an analysis of the uses of the area and their impacts on the coastal ecosystems, we suggest that the present activities significantly degrade the area{\textquoteright}s environment. In 1998, the national government created a marine protected area surrounding the peninsula. Some local authorities and many stakeholders from the nearby communities opposed the designation, fearing a decrease in tourism and stricter control over recreational activities. Two potential alternatives exist for the area: (a) maintaining a traditional system with short-term economic benefits; or (b) choosing an innovative, environmentally sound system of management providing intermediate and long-term economic and environmental benefits.

}, keywords = {awareness, benefit, biodiversity, boating, communication, concertation, conflict, economy, ecosystem, education, environment, history, human impact, impact, Italy, Ligurian Sea, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Portofino, protected area, stakeholders, tourism, western Mediterranean}, author = {P. Salmona and D. Verardi} } @article {322, title = {A review of marine protected areas in the northwestern Mediterranean region: siting, usage, zonation and management}, journal = { Aquatic conservation marine and freshwater ecosystems}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

1. We present in this review a general description of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the northwestern Mediterranean and some general principles for the establishment of protected areas, including their size, location, biotope composition, regulation, and management.2. Many Mediterranean MPAs are located around or adjacent to islands, but the placement ofa marine reserve close to a large urban area is not necessarily a handicap, as has been demonstrated by some examples. It is not, therefore, necessary to restrict future MPAs solely to regions of low human density.3. The conceptual question of MPA size (single large or several small SLOSS debate) has never been explicitly considered in the selection of Mediterranenan MPAs. However, studies of fish recruitment in MPAs, and the development of a network of small MPAs between Spain and France have highlighted the importance and value of small sized MPAs (200-2000 ha).4. Whatever the location of a future MPA, its success as measured in terms of stock restoration will depend on whether (i) sufficient suitable habitat is available, (ii) the variety and abundance of prey species are adequate and (iii) the possibilities for recruitment of the biota are reasonable.5. The initial choices of zonation and legislation regulating the management of any future MPA are of primary importance. The zonation plan should be as simple as possible (gradation of 2 or 3 levels) and it should be acknowledged that the significance of management conflicts within a MPA will be inversely proportional to the extent of preliminary consultations with all of the users, both professional and amateur.6. The examples of semi-protected areas where professional fishing is still allowed demonstrate without ambiguity the negative impact of spear fishing, and the limited impacts from regulated professional activities on fish assemblages. The means of regulating consist essentially of (i) a prohibition of certain type of fishing methods (trawling); and (ii) a limitation of the numbers of fishermen by a system of restriction or authorization.7. In the MPAs examined, there is a great diversity of situations in relation to the size of and distribution of duties between staff assigned to their management. However, the single most important factor underlying whether or not a MPA will be successful and beneficial is the presenceof a dedicated staff.

}, keywords = {assemblage, biotope, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, conflict, Corsica, C{\^o}te Bleue, density, distribution, diversity, fish, fish assemblage, fishery reserve, France, habitat, impact, island, Ligurian Sea, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, national park, natural reserve, network, Port-Cros, protected area, protection, recruitment, regulation, review, Scandola, selection, size, Spain, spear fishing, staff, trawling, value, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {P. Francour and S. Sartoretto and D. Pollard and J-G. Harmelin} } @article {255, title = {Cultural and socio-economic impacts of Mediterranean marine protected areas}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, year = {2000}, chapter = {110-125}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) may be important for protecting the marine environment, but they may also have substantial socio-cultural impacts about which very little is currently known, or acknowledged. In the Mediterranean, few data are available on the socioeconomic consequences of MPAs. The present study reviews the existing data on MPAs in Spain, France, Italy and Greece. A general increase in tourist activities in Mediterranean MPAs is evident, as are increases in the abundances of larger fish species, although there are no data indicating yields for fisheries increase adjacent to MPAs. A large increase in the number of divers and vessels using MPAs has already had impacts on natural benthic communities as a result of diver damage, mooring and the feeding of large fish by divers. Emphasis has been given in only a few MPAs to promoting public awareness of these impacts. Although the conservation of nature should be considered the fundamental objective of MPAs, neglecting their social, cultural and economic impacts has at times led to poor local consensus, if not hostility. We believe that planning and managing MPAs should be conducted on a multidisciplinary basis. Nonetheless, no single model can be considered valid for the whole Mediterranean. The very variable characteristics of coastal areas, from those of small uninhabited islands to those of cities, require different weightings to be assigned for each factor in order to achieve a durable equilibrium and realize the original objectives of each MPA. Only with such flexibility of management will it be possible to reach a greater understanding of the MPA system and create a lasting consensus in favour of conservation, a consensus which would mean an overwhelming majority of people actively avoiding damaging nature and preventing others from doing so.

}, keywords = {awareness, conservation, eastern Mediterranean, environment, fish, fishery, France, Greece, impact, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, mooring, protected area, review, scuba-diving, socioeconomic aspects, Spain, tourism, western Mediterranean}, author = {Badalamenti and Ramos and Voultsiadou and Sanchez Lizaso and D{\textquoteright}Anna and Pipitone and Ruiz Fernandez and Whitmarsh and Roggio} } @article {474, title = {Density dependence in marine protected populations: a review}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, volume = {27}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

The cessation or reduction of fishing in marine protected areas (MPAs) should promote an increase in abundance and mean size and age of previously exploited populations. Thus density-dependent changes in life-history characteristics should occur when populations are allowed to recover in MPAs. In this review, we synthesize the existing information on resource limitation in marine ecosystems, density-dependent changes in life-history traits of exploited populations and evidence for biomass export from MPAs. Most evidence for compensatory changes in biological variables has been derived from observations on populations depleted by high fishing mortality or on strong year classes, but these changes are more evident in juveniles than in adults and in freshwater rather than in marine systems. It is unclear if adults of exploited marine populations are resource limited. This may suggest that exploited populations are controlled mainly by density-independent processes, which could be a consequence of the depleted state of most exploited populations. MPAs could be a useful tool for testing these hypotheses. If we assume that resources become limiting inside MPAs, it is plausible that, if suitable habitats exist, mobile species will search for resources outside of the MPAs, leading to export of biomass to areas which are fished. However, it is not possible to establish from the available data whether this export will be a response to resource limitation inside the MPAs, the result of random movements across MPA boundaries or both. We discuss the implications of this process for the use of MPAs as fisheries management tools.

}, keywords = {biomass, boundary, Cabrera, Campello, carrying capacity, Castellamare, Columbretes, Corsica, C{\^o}te Bleue, density, ecosystem, fish abundance, fish density, fishery, fishing prohibition, France, habitat, Italy, labridae, Ligurian Sea, management, management tool, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, mortality, movement, population, protected area, review, rocky shore, Scandola, serranidae, Sicilia, size, Spain, sparidae, spillover, Tabarca, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {J-L. Sanchez-Lizaso and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and O. Renones and R. Goni and J-A. Garcia-Charton and R. Galzin and J-T. Bayle and P. Sanchez-Jerez and A-A. Ramos} } @article {448, title = {Effects of marine protected areas on recruitment processes with special reference to Mediterranean littoral ecosystems}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, volume = {27}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

The aim of the study was to review concepts and field evidence for the effectiveness of MPAs in enhancing recruitment of targeted species.Although site-attached fish can be expected to increase in abundance in marine protected areas (MPAs), there is little known about recruitment effects. The present work reviews concepts and field evidence for enhancement of recruitment of species in MPAs, focusing geographically on the Mediterranean littoral because of its long history of intensive fishery exploitation, but drawing on evidence from studies on recruitment processes in general on MPAs both in the Mediterranean and elsewhere. We considered recruitment as the process of a fish being added to the local population. The general questions of interest are whether the increase in biomass of species protected in MPAs has an effect on recruitment in the MPAs or in neighbouring areas, and, on competition and predation effects on new recruits. A flow diagram of the effects of MPA status on recruitment is developed and employed to identify the relevant processes. The diagram incorporates three levels of factors: (1) characteristics of MPAs (location, size, habitat type, oceanography and level of protection); (2) life stages of species protected in MPAs relevant to recruitment (eggs, larvae, settlers and juveniles); and (3) fundamental processes of dispersal/movement, predation and competition. From this conceptual diagram, the following main components of the recruitment process were identified and used to structure the review: (1) relationship between the ecology of pelagic stages and the design, location and oceanographic regime of MPAs; (2) effects of protection in MPAs from fishery exploitation of nursery habitats on settlement success; and (3) effects of protection on survival of settlers and juveniles from competition and predation. We found an exceptionally low number of studies specifically addressing recruitment processes in MPAs. This was particularly the case in what concerns the relationship between larval ecology and the characteristics and oceanographic regime of MPAs. The effectiveness of MPAs in promoting recruitment mainly depends on the locations and on sizes of the MPAs in relation to the reproductive biology and larval ecology of the species concerned. The locations and sizes of MPAs in turn depend on MPA objectives, whether the purpose is to protect entire life cycles, the juveniles, or to increase egg production and larval export. The assessment of the relationship between the protection of nursery habitats and settlement success indicates that the magnitude of the effects of protection depends on whether the recruitment of the species involved is restricted to a narrowly-defined set of environmental conditions or, on the contrary, can occur in diverse environments, including areas beyond the influence of the MPAs. Thus, the locations of MPAs determine the habitats which are protected and, consequently, the species, the settlement of which will be favoured. For Mediterranean shallow-water species, the nearshore zone encompasses most of the essential nursery habitats for protection. Recruitment studies conducted in MPAs in the north-western Mediterranean have showed no differences in survival of newly-settled littoral fish between MPAs and the areas outside of them. Conversely, for older recruits, mortality was found to be higher inside MPAs, probably due to the increased abundance and size of large predators. This study highlights the almost total absence of studies addressing even the most elementary questions of recruitment in the specific context of MPAs.

}, keywords = {assessment, biology, biomass, boundary, coastal zone, connectivity, design, ecology, ecosystem, effectiveness, egg and larval export, environment, fish, fishery, habitat, history, littoral, lobster, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, mortality, nursery, oceanography, population, predation, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, recruitment, review, seagrass, size, tourism}, author = {S. Planes and A. Quetglas and P. Lenfant and L. Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h and J-G. Harmelin and R. Goni and A. Garcia Rubies and R. Galzin} } @article {330, title = {Evaluation the ecological effects of Mediterranean marine protected areas: habitat, scale and the natural variability of ecocsystems}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

The capacity to detect and predict the responses fo marine populations ans communities to the establishment of MPA depends on the ability to distinguish between the influences of management and natural variability due to the effects of factors other tha, protection. Thus, it is important to understand and uantify the magnitude and range of this natural variability at each scale of observation. here we review the scale of responses of target populations and communoties to protectection within Mediterranean MPAs, agianst compare those with documented cases from other temperate ans tropical marine ecosystems. Additionally, we approach the problem of the relative importance of habiata structure, considered as a set of biological and physical elements of the seascape hierarchically arranged in space at multiple scales, to drive natural variability. We conclude that much more effort has to be made to characterize heterogeneity in relation to Mediterranean MPAs, and to quantify and explain relationships between target species ans their habitats as sources of such variability. These studies should be based on sound sampling designs, which (1) generate long-term data sets, and would ideally (2) be based in a Mediterranean-wied comparaison of a number of protected ans unprotected localities, (3) ne designed from a multi-scaled perspective, and (4) control for factors other tha protection, on order to avoid their confoundinf effects. The need for appropriate spatial and temporal replication, nested designs and power analysis is advocated.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Cape Bear, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, C{\^o}te Bleue, design, ecosystem, effectiveness, establishment, Falaguer, fish, France, habitat, heterogeneity, island, labridae, Ligurian Sea, management, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, nested design, population, Port-Cros, protected area, protection, review, scale, Scandola, seascape, serranidae, Spain, sparidae, spatial heterogeneity, temporal heterogeneity, Tremiti, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {J-A. Garcia-Charton and A. Koukouras and M-S. Kitsos and C. Marcos and R. Chemello and M. Milazzo and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and L-D. Williams and S. Riggio} } @article {320, title = {Evolution spatio-temporelle}, journal = { Cybium}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

From 1989 to 1999, fish assemblages were sampled by a non desctructive visual census method in Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds of the Scandola marine reserve. Censuses were carried out at 13 stations belonging to 3 sectors: outside the reserve (no protection), non integral reserve (professional fishermen allowed with special permit) and integral reserve (no take area). The species richness by transect and mean density exhibited yearly fluctuations, but over the decade, were less variable in protected sectors that in the non protected sector. The level of variation of total fish assemblage density is lower than those of the main families (Labridae, Sparidae and Serranidae). The long-lived species (e.g., Serranus scriba) displayed lower density variations, i.e., higher inertia, that short-lived species (e.g., Symphodus ocellatus). The resilience of the assemblage (buffer effect) was not affected by spatial heterogeneity, but is related to the level of protection. The higher densities of predator in protected seagrass beds (e.g., Serranidae) and in bordering rocky areas could involve a higher predation pressure upon Posidonia oceanica fish assemblage. The buffer effect may be linked to this increase in predation pressure and fishing prohibition. While long-term data are scarce, available information suggests that, due to protection inside marine protected area, fish assemblages of seagrass beds might be relatively resilient to environmental perturbations. This study highlights the necessity of long-term surveys to support pertinent conclusions on the dynamics of coastal fish assemblages.

}, keywords = {assemblage, buffer zone, census, comparison, Corsica, density, fish, fish assemblage, fishing prohibition, France, herbier, heterogeneity, integral reserve, labridae, Ligurian Sea, long-term monitoring, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, no-take area, Posidonia oceanica, predation, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, r{\'e}serve naturelle, Scandola, seagrass, serranidae, sparidae, spatial heterogeneity, species richness, visual census, zoning}, author = {P. Francour} } @book {456, title = {Fully-protected marine reserves: a guide}, year = {2000}, publisher = {WWF Endangered Seas Campaign}, organization = {WWF Endangered Seas Campaign}, edition = {WWF}, address = {USA and Environment Department, University of York}, abstract = {

Fully-protected marine reserves are areas of the sea completely protected from fishing and other extractive or harmful human uses. The aim of this information pack is to summarize the scientific case for fully-protected reserves in a way that is easily understood by everyone. Our objective in producing it is to speed up the process of translating scientific research into action. The pack is particularly aimed towards people who need information to inform and persuade others of the benefits of reserves. They include, for example, those working to set up community-based management of marine resources, park or fishery managers, and policy makers.In addition to explaining the theory behind fully-protected reserves this book is also intended as a practical guide. The main text of the book provides much of the background to reserves. This is supplemented by a series of case studies showing some of the most interesting reserves from around the world.This book has a global focus and we will show how reserves can work in any region from cold water to warm. Reserves are also usually portrayed as only benefitting animals that stay put. We explore ways in which they can work for both migratory and site-attached species. We start by asking why reserves should be protected from fishing and review the evidence to support these claims. Throughout the book we consistently highlight the conservation and economic benefits of reserves. We try to answer commonly-asked practical questions such as how large fully-protected zones should be, where they should be placed and how they can be enforced. We also aim to stimulate further questioning which can help advance everybody{\textquoteright}s appreciation and understanding of reserves.Key points:- Less than half a percent of the seas lie within marine protected areas, and most of them are under-resourced, poorly managed and offer little protection.- Perhaps only one ten thousandth of the oceans are protected from all forms of fishing.- Fully-protected reserves, areas closed to fishing, extractive or harmful uses, are powerful management tools. There is an urgent need to establish more to reverse species losses and habitat destruction.- Fully-protected reserves represent a precautionary, ecosystem-based approach to management.

}, keywords = {benefit, conservation, economy, establishment, fishery, fishery impact, guidelines, habitat, management, management tool, marine protected area, no-take area, ocean, policy, protected area, protection, recreation, research, review, scale, scuba-diving, size, spillover, tourism}, author = {C-M. Roberts and J-P. Hawkins} } @book {343, title = {Introductory guide to methods for selected ecological studies in marine reserves}, year = {2000}, publisher = {G.I.S. PosidonieParc Scientifique et Technologique de LuminyCase 901}, organization = {G.I.S. PosidonieParc Scientifique et Technologique de LuminyCase 901}, address = {Marseille}, abstract = {

The present Guide was prepared in the framework of the ECOMARE project, a concerted action of the European Community Marine Science and Technology Programme (MAST III) concerned with the ecological effects of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Mediterranean. The overall aim of ECOMARE was to unite and coordinate the efforts of a broad group of research teams involved in assessing the effects of protection (cessation of fishing) in Mediterranean littoral ecosystems. The specific objectives of this project were:- To establish the state of knowledge of the responses of marine communities to protective measures in Mediterranean littoral ecosystems;- To identify the main research needs and steps forward to progress from the assessment of effects on exploited populations to the assessment of effects at the ecosystem level;- To review and recommend working methodologies so that future investigations could be carried out in a coordinated and comparable manner.The second objective lead to the identification of three priority areas for future research in Mediterranean marine reserves: assessing biomass export from MPAs, assessing impacts of human activities in MPAs, and studying indirect effects of protection (e.g., fishurchin- algae interactions). The third objective lead to the preparation of the present guide on recommended methods for future research, with chapters addressing each of these priorities.The aim of this guide is not to describe each method in depth, but rather to present them briefly, with their advantages and limitations, and to provide references for further reading.

}, keywords = {algae, assessment, biomass, census, depth, ecosystem, fish, fish assemblage, grazing, habitat, human impact, impact, littoral, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, monitoring, mooring, population, predation, protected area, protection, protection measure, research, review, sea urchin}, author = {R. Goni and G. Bernard and L. Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h and F. Badalamenti and M. Harmelin-Vivien} } @book {472, title = {Marine and Coastal Protected Areas : A Guide for Planners and Managers Third Edition}, year = {2000}, publisher = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK}, organization = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK}, edition = {IUCN and Natural Resources; IUCN}, abstract = {

This book is addressed mainly to conservation of the natural resources of tropical coasts and seas. To facilitate its use as a sourcebook, the volume is arranged in three parts.Part I introduces Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as an important approach to managing coastal and marine resources, discussing in its six sections: roles of MPAs, site planning, community involvement, systematic selection of MPAs, strategies and tools for planning and managing MPAs, and the legal basis of MPAs.Part II considers principles and mechanisms for planning and managing protected areas in four different environments: coral reefs, estuaries and lagoons, small islands, and beaches. Emphasis is on technical knowledge about particular habitats and how this knowledge is used to meet management objectives. We recognize that many MPAs are composed of two or more of these environments but the guidance for each can be combined in the MPA plan.Part III presents case histories covering a wide variety of MPA experience around the world to help protected area planners and managers carry out their tasks. The emphasis in each case history is on lessons learned that are of wide application. E-mail addresses of the authors are given to assist the reader in following up on case details. A \"Guide to the Cases\" is presented to enhance the reader{\textquoteright}s search for relevant items.In the selection of materials for this book we have given priority to the types of resource conservation problems faced by MPA planners and managers in subtropical and tropical countries where the need for assistance appears to be the greatest.In Parts I and II most of the material is based on written sources for which the specific references are listed alphabetically with date of publication in Part IV, References. Case Histories are individually referenced.

}, keywords = {awareness, beach, benefit, biodiversity, boundary, business, category, coastal zone, concertation, conservation, convention, design, education, enforcement, environment, establishment, evaluation, GIS, guidelines, habitat, history, indicator, island, lagoon, l{\'e}gislation, management, management tool, mapping, marine protected area, methodology, monitoring, planning, policy, protected area, protection, recreation, reefs, research, restoration, r{\^o}le, selection, size, socioeconomic aspects, stakeholders, surveillance, sustainable development, sustainable tourism, threat, tourism, wetland, zoning}, author = {R-V. Salm and E. Siirila and J-R. Clark} } @article {283, title = {Marine Protected Areas: challenges and opportunities for understanding and conserving coastal marine ecosystems}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, volume = {106-109}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

The reviews identify three issues of key importance to the development and success of MPAs for conservation and management. First, MPAs hold strong promise for management and conservation objectives, but the historical pattern of haphazard design, implementation, enforcement and evaluation has often produced equivocal and sometimes contradicting evidence for both their ecological effects and their effectiveness at achieving their intended objectives. Second, our understanding of many of the critical population and community processes that bear greatly on the consequences of this approach (e.g. dispersal, recruitment, direct and indirect effects of competition and predation) suffers from a lack of strong empirical studies and a comprehensive theoretical framework. Third, the global growth of interest in MPAs and concern for rapid development of organized systems of MPAs is great. Taken together, these three issues identify an urgent need for a well-developed theoretical framework, more rigorous empirical studies motivated and directed by theory, and actual implementation of systems of MPAs that will allow for proper evaluation and an evolution toward optimal design.There remain many challenges to managers, conservation scientists (biologists, ecologists and social scientists), and economists for designing, implementing and evaluating networks of MPAs.Because of the open nature of most populations and communities of coastal marine species, dispersal of reproductive propagules is critical to the objectives, design and evaluation of any MPAAnother fundamental objective for ecologists will be to predict the consequences of MPA protection, relative to continued exploitation, on the structure, dynamics and function of populations, communities and ecosystems.The complexity of ecosystems targeted for protection by MPAs create real challenges for evaluating their effectiveness for achieving desired conservation or fisheries goals.

}, keywords = {coastal zone, comparison, conservation, design, ecosystem, effectiveness, enforcement, fishery, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, network, population, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, recruitment, review, stakeholders, unprotected area}, author = {M-H} } @article {446, title = {Trophic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems: lessons for fisheries and protected-area management}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, volume = {27}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

An important principle of environmental science is that changes in single components of systems are likely to have consequences elsewhere in the same systems. In the sea, food web data are one of the few foundations for predicting such indirect effects, whether of fishery exploitation or following recovery in marine protected areas (MPAs). We review the available literature on one type of indirect interaction in benthic marine ecosystems, namely trophic cascades, which involve three or more trophic levels connected by predation. Because many indirect effects have been revealed through fishery exploitation, in some cases we include humans as trophic levels. Our purpose is to establish how widespread cascades might be, and infer how likely they are to affect the properties of communities following the implementation of MPAs or intensive resource exploitation. We review 39 documented cascades (eight of which include humans as a trophic level) from 21 locations around the world; all but two of the cascades are from shallow systems underlain by hard substrata (kelp forests, rocky subtidal, coral reefs and rocky intertidal). We argue that these systems are well represented because they are accessible and also amenable to the type of work that is necessary. Nineteen examples come from the central-eastern and north-eastern Pacific, while no well-substantiated benthic cascades have been reported from the NE, CE or S Atlantic, the Southern Oceans, E Indian Ocean or NW Pacific. The absence of examples from those zones is probably due to lack of study. Sea urchins are very prominent in the subtidaL examples, and gastropods, especially limpets, in the intertidal examples; we suggest that this may reflect their predation by fewer specialist predators than is the case with fishes, but also their conspicuousness to investigators. The variation in ecological resolution amongst studies, and in intensity of study amongst systems and regions, indicates that more cascades will likely be identified in due course. Broadening the concept of cascades to include pathogenic interactions would immediately increase the number of examples. The existing evidence is that cascade effects are to be expected when hard-substratum systems are subject to artisanal resource exploitation, but that the particular problems of macroalgal overgrowth on Caribbean reefs and the expansion of coralline barrens in the Mediterranean rocky-sublittoral will not be readily reversed in MPAs, probably because factors other than predation-based cascades have contributed to them in the first place. More cascade effects are likely to be found in the soft-substratum systems that are crucial to so many large-scale fisheries, when opportunities such as those of MPAs and fishing gradients become available for study of such systems, and the search is widened to less conspicuous focal organisms such as polychaetes and crustaceans.

}, keywords = {Atlantic, Carribean, ecosystem, fishery, fishery impact, food web, forest, Indian ocean, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, ocean, Pacific, predation, protected area, reefs, review, rocky shore, sea urchin, trophic cascad}, author = {J.K. Pinnegar and M. Zabala and B. Hereu and M. Harmelin-Vivien and R. Chemello and F. Badalamenti and P. Francour and N-V-C. Polunin and G. D{\textquoteright}Anna and C. Pipitone} } @article {305, title = {Limiting abuse: marine protected areas, a limited solution}, journal = {Ecological Economies}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

Designation of marine protected areas (MPAs) is increasing as humans seek to combat overexploitation of marine resources and preserve the integrity of the ocean{\textquoteright}s unique biodiversity. At present there are over 1300 MPAs. The primary legal responsibility for the designation of MPAs falls to individual countries, but protection of the marine environment at large scales is also critical because ocean circulation does not honor legal boundaries and often exceeds the influence of any one nation or group of nations. There are many reasons for establishing MPAs; the papers we surveyed principally referred to scientific, economic, cultural, and ethical factors. Two approaches predominated: fisheries management and habitat protection. Although the major threat to terrestrial systems is habitat loss, the major threats to the world{\textquoteright}s oceans are fisheries overexploitation, coastal development, and chemical and biological pollution. MPAs may provide conservation of formerly exploited species as well as benefits to the fishery through leakage of {\textquoteright}surplus{\textquoteright} adults (spillover) and larvae (larval replenishment) across reserve boundaries. Higher order effects, such as changes in species richness or changes in community structure and function, have only been superficially explored. Because many MPAs are along coastlines, within shipping lanes, and near human centers of activity, the chance of chemical and biological pollution is high. Use of MPAs to combat development and pollution is not appropriate, because MPAs do not have functional boundaries. The ocean is a living matrix carrying organisms as well as particles and therefore even relatively environmentally sensitive uses of coastal ecosystems can degrade ecosystem structure and function via increasing service demands (e.g. nutrient and toxics transformation) and visitation. Whether an MPA is effective is a function of the initial objectives, the level of enforcement, and its design. Single reserves need to be large and networked to accommodate bio-physical patterns of larval dispersal and recruitment. Some authors have suggested that reserve size needs to be extremely large - 50-90\% of total habitat - to hedge against the uncertainties of overexploitation. On a local scale, marine protected areas can be effective conservation tools. On a global scale, MPAs can only be effective if they are substantively representative of all biogeographic zones, single reserves are networked within biogeographic zones, and the total amount of area reserved per zone is 20\% or greater. The current size and placement of protected areas falls far short of comprehensive or even adequate conservation objectives.

}, keywords = {alien species, benefit, biodiversity, category, conservation, design, ecosystem, effectiveness, enforcement, environment, fishery, habitat, management, marine protected area, network, ocean, protected area, protection, recruitment, review, scale, size, species richness, threat, visitation}, author = {P. Dee Boersma and J-K. Parrish} } @article {469, title = {emporal variability in abundance of the sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula in the northwestern Mediterranean: comparison between a marine reserve and an unprotected area}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, volume = {168}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

Sea urchin populations were monitored in the Medes Islands Marine Reserve (NW Mediterranean) and an adjacent unprotected area in order to (1) describe temporal variability in abundance and population size-structure of sea urchins within each area (from 1991 to 1997), and (2) to compare these areas to investigate the role of fish predation level in determining sea urchin population structure over time (from 1995 to 1997). Abundance of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) was monitored at 7 sites (4 inside and 3 outside the reserve), and 2 distinct habitats (fields of big boulders and vertical walls). P. lividus exhibited signficant variability in density over time on boulders, both inslde and outside the reserve, whereas its density dld not vary significantly on vertical walls. P hvjdus populations differed significantly in size-structure across sites, varying from unimodal to blmodal among sltes and years. Density and mean size of P. lividus were not significantly different between the protected and the unprotected area in either of the 2 habitats. Abundance of the sea urchin Arbaca lixula (L) was monitored from 1995 to 1997 on vertical walls and boulders (4 sites inside and 3 sites outside the reserve). Density of A. lixula differed slgnlficantly over time on boulders, but it did not on walls. On vertlcal walls, density and mean slze of A. lixula were not significantly different between areas in both habitats. This study shows that in the Medes Islands region, sea urchins exhibit striking short-term fluctuations in abundance, which can lead to misinterpretation of larger-scale temporal patterns. The comparison between the protected and the unprotected area does not support the hypothesis of fish predation as the most. important factor affecting P. lividus populations in the Medes Islands, as patterns of lower sea urchin density relative to the unprotected area nearby were not maintained over time. These facts indicate that factors other than fish predation are very important in determining sea urchin population structure in the northwestern Mediterranean.

}, keywords = {Arbacia lixula, comparison, density, echinoderm, fish, habitat, island, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Paracentrotus lividus, population, predation, protected area, r{\^o}le, sea urchin, size, Spain, temporal heterogeneity, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {E. Sala and J. Garrabou and R. Coma and V. Alva and M. Zabala and B. Hereu and M. Ribes} } @article {509, title = {Spatial and temporal patterns of settlement among sparid fishes of the genus Diplodus in the northwestern Mediterranean}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, volume = {168}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

Juvenile settlement of 3 sparid fish species, Diplodus puntazzo, Djplodus sargus and Diploclus vulgaris, was studied over 3 years at 20 stations located at 5 sites in the NW Mediterranean Sea: 1 site in Spain (Girona), 2 In France (Banyuls and Marseille) and 2 in Italy (Portofino and Elba). When all sites and years were combined, 71\% of the settlers recorded belonged to D, vulgaris, 25 \% to D. sargus and 4 \% to D. puntazzo. Settlement was seasonal, with D. sargus settling in May-June. D. puntazzo in October November, and D. vulgaris in 2 pulses, the first in November-December and the second in January-February. Settlement intensity varied spatially, temporally, and among species. At a small spatial scale (within site), settlement intensity varied between stations and particularly between years. At a large spatial scale (among sites), settlement intensity varied among sites, with Marseille and Girona generally experiencing higher settlement than other sites. No difference in settlement intensity was observed between protected and unprotected areas The settlement of D.sargus was higher in 1994 than in 1993 and 1995 at all sites, suggesting the influence of meso-scale hydroclimatic conditions on the settlement success of this species. The settlement of D. vulgaris was higher in 1993 in the western part of the NW Mediterranean, and in 1994 in the eastern part. No consistent spatial trend over time was seen for D. puntazzo. Thus, settlement intensity of Diplodus species to nearshore habitats in the NW Mediterranean exhibited high year-to-year variations at both local and regional scales.

}, keywords = {census, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, Diplodus fish, Diplodus puntazzo, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, Elba, fish, France, habitat, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Marseille, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Portofino, scale, Spain, sparidae, spatial heterogeneity, temporal heterogeneity, trend, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {L. Vigliola and J-Y. Jouvenel and J-G. Harmelin and A. Garcia-Rubies and R. Galzin and F. Biagi and M. Harmelin-Vivien and L. Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h and L. Tunesi and E. Macpherson} } @article {397, title = {Mortality of juvenile fishes of the genus Diplodus in protected and unprotected areas in the western Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, year = {1997}, keywords = {census, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, C{\^o}te Bleue, Diplodus fish, fish abundance, France, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, mortality, population, Portofino, protected area, protection effectiveness, recruitment, Spain, sparidae, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {E. Macpherson and M. Harmelin-Vivien and J-G. Harmelin and A. Garcia Rubies and P. Francour and F. Biagi and J-Y. Jouvenel and L. Tunesi and L. Vigliola and S, Planes} } @article {455, title = {Rocky bottom fish communities of Cabrera Archipelago National Park (Mallorca, Western Mediterranean)}, journal = {Science Marine}, volume = {61}, year = {1997}, abstract = {

In the present study the fish communities of the rocky bottoms of Cabrera Archipelago (Balearic Islands) are analysed and provide data for future evaluation of any changes produced by management. Visual counts were carried out by diving along transects situated in areas of rocky blocks at depths of -10 m, -25 m and -41 m and at vertical cliffs -15 m deep. In the 10 stations studied, 48 species belonging to 19 families have been recorded. The increase in depth principally produced a specific impoverishment and a decrease in the density of mesophagous and macrophagous carnivore species. This tendency became more noticeable changing from the infralittoral to the circalittoral stage. In the infralittoral stage the substrate rugosity was a more important factor than depth in the structure of the fish community. However, other specific characteristics of each zone such as algal cover, hydrodynamic conditions and fishing pressure, as well as habitat changes with size of some species, also affected the specific composition and demographic structure of the fish community.

}, keywords = {algae, Balearic Islands, buffer zone, Cabrera, density, depth, distribution, fish, fish assemblage, fishery impact, habitat, island, labridae, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, mullidae, national park, no-take area, rocky shore, Sciaenidae, serranidae, size, Spain, sparidae, transects, visual census, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {O. Renones and B. Morales-Nin and J. Coll and J. Moranta} } @article {470, title = {Fish predation and the structure of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus populations in the NW Mediterranean}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, volume = {140}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

Large differences in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) population structure have been observed in the NW Mediterranean. Differences have been attributed to removal of predatory fish through human fishing activities. This study attempted to determine the effect of predation by fishes on sea urchin population structure. Three infralittoral areas (2 within a marine reserve with a high density of predatory fish, and 1 within an unprotected area with a low density of predatory fish) were studied to compare population structure differences attributable to differing fish predation pressure. P lividus populations were 3 to 4x denser and predation rates were -5x lower in the unprotected site than in the protected sites. Within the reserve, fish accounted for 100\% of the predation. P lividus individual mean size was lower within the protected sites than in the unprotected site. Size-frequency distributions showed a negative exponential pattern for P llividus within the reserve, and a bimodal pattern outside the reserve. The urchins showed a crevice-dwelling behaviour in response to the intense predation in the marine reserve. Within the reserve, P lividus population structure appears to be determined by predation by fish. In contrast, in the unprotected area, where the predation rate is much lower, P lividus population structure appears to be determined by recruitment rate. We suggest that a recent increase in P lividus abundance on infralittoral rocky bottoms in the NW Mediterranean, where urchins are not harvested, is caused by human fishing activities. Since P lividus is the major benthic herbivore in the NW Mediterranean, fishing level may, due to cascading effects, determine the structure of benthic infralittoral communities.

}, keywords = {comparison, density, distribution, echinoderm, fish, fish assemblage, fishery impact, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Paracentrotus lividus, population, predation, protected area, recruitment, rocky shore, sea urchin, size, unprotected area, western Mediterranea}, author = {E. Sala and M. Zabala} } @article {357, title = {Mediterranean Marine reserves : Fish Indices as tests of Protection Efficiency}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

The fish assemblages of a striclty protected area and of a neighbouring fished area, located off a Mediterranean urbanized coast (Carry-le-Rouet, France), were compared in order to select the most evident, constant, and easily recorded indices of the "reserve effect". Visual censusing was repeated simultaneously at both sites eight time a year during 3 years along four permanent transects layed on shallow rocky bottoms (9-14m). Overall species richness was 16\% higher in the reserve, but differences in average instantaneous richness were only marginally significant. The most contrasting results were shown bu the occurence frequency, abundance, and demographic structure of two types of target species. The type A target speciues group comprises 16 large meso- and macrocarnivores particulary threatened by spearfishing, inluding the commum nectobenthic sparids Diplodus spp. Type B target species are reprensented by two small territorial fishes particulary impacted by angling: the serranid species Serranus cabrilla ans the terminal phase males of the labrid Coris julis. The size structure of Diplodus ss., cabrilla, and C.Julis subpopulations strongly argues for the role of protected areas as a reservoir of large spawners. Fishing pressure is assumed to modify the social conditions of the C. julis local populations and to include earlier sex change.

}, keywords = {assemblage, buffer zone, comparison, Coris julis, C{\^o}te Bleue, Diplodus fish, effectiveness, fish, fish assemblage, fishing prohibition, France, labridae, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, population, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, reserve effect, r{\^o}le, serranidae, Serranus cabrilla, size, sparidae, species richness, transects, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {J-G. Harmelin and F. Garcia and F. Bachet} } @article {309, title = {Study of a Mediterranean reef fish assemblage. Comparisons of population distributions between depths in protected and unprotected areas over one decade}, journal = {Aquatic Living Ressources}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

Differences in Mediterranean fish communities of two rocky coastal areas, one inside an integral marine reserve and the second outside the reserve, ncar Banyuls-sur-Mer, France, were compared using underwater visual census after a 12-year interval. In 1980, the community structure in and outside the marine reserve was studied at two depths (Bell, 1983). In 1992, WC used the same methodology to assess if variations occurred in this fish community between these two samplings. In both 1980 and 1992, water depth affected the relative abundance of fish communities and the number of species was roughly maintained in both sites. However, there were several other important qualitative and quantitative variations in the fish fauna over this period: (1) The abundance of specics has decreased in the integral rcscrve whereas it has been maintained outsidc the reserve; (2) Nine species arc more abundant in the integral reservc and nine others are more abundant outside the reserve. Among the specics vulnerable to fishing, such as Lubrus merulu, Symphodus tinca, Mullus surmuletus, Diplodus sargus, D.vulgaris, Scorpavnu porrus, Ohlada melanuru, 6 of them are more abundant inside the integral reserve and 4 othcrs arc more abundant outside; (3) Thc demographic structure of vulnerable spccics inside the reserve has changed: only the proportion of large fish (30 to 40 cm length) compared to medium (15 to 30 cm) and small (0 to 15 cm) fishes was higher in the integral reserve. The prohibition of recreational and professional fisheries and scuba-diving has the fish community in the integral marine reserve in 1992 enhanced less than in 1980. The impoverishment of the fish density in the integral reserve between these two periods is difficult to understand in regard to the stability of the fish density outside the reserve. These results stress the need for a more regular and more extensive survey of the fish assemblage in and around the marine reserve of Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls.

}, keywords = {assemblage, census, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, density, depth, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, distribution, fauna, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, fish density, fishery, France, integral reserve, labridae, Lubrus merulu, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, methodology, mullidae, Mullus surmuletus, no-take area, Oblada melanura, population, protection effectiveness, reef fish assemblage, reserve effect, Scorpavnu porrus, scuba-diving, serranidae, sparidae, Symphodus tinca, unprotected area, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {F. Dufour and R. Galzin and J-Y. Jouvenel} } @article {260, title = {Intra-annual variability of an artificial reef fish assemblage in the marine reserve of Tabarca (Alicante, Spain, SW Mediterranean)}, journal = {Bulletin Marine Science}, year = {1994}, chapter = {824-835}, abstract = {

An experimental artificial reef was designed and placed in the Marine Reserve at Tabarca (Alicante, SE Spain) to avoid trawl-fishing activities on the Posidonia oceanica seagrass bed and to provide alternative fishing sites. The fish assemblage monitoring of the experimental artificial reef for 1 year is presented. The number of fish species recorded (21 spp.) is lower than that found for nearby natural rocky bottoms close to the site studied. This difference can be accounted for due to reef characteristics, such as module design, relative low volume submerged, excessive depth and/or high degradation of P. oceanica beds surrounding the experimental artificial reef. Changes in the fish assemblage throughout the study period due to seasonal nature cannot be clearly distinguished from later colonization episodes. The main effect of the experimental artificial reef seems to be the attraction of subadults and adults of demersal fish species from nearby natural rocky bottoms.

}, keywords = {artificial reef, assemblage, depth, design, fish, fish assemblage, island, management tool, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, reef fish assemblage, seagrass, Spain, Tabarca, western Mediterranean}, author = {Bayle-Sempere and Ramos and Garcia-Charton} } @article {319, title = {Pluriannual analysis of the reserve effect on ichthyofauna in the Scandola natural reserve (Corsica, Northwestern Mediterranean)}, journal = {Oceanologica Acta}, year = {1994}, abstract = {

From July 1988 to September 1992, Scuba divers used a non destructive sampling method to study the fish communities if rocks ans Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds, in Scandola Marine reserve. Sites wereestablished in the integral reserve (protection of the marine environment), in the non-ontegral reserve (partial protection) and outise the reserve (no protection). Average density and biomass of the sampled population in P. oceanica seagrass beds showed no significant difference between the sites in the integral reserve and the others. Only the integrally-protected shallow nd deep water zones showed considerably reduced seasonal variations. For rocky sustrata, the integral reserve site demonstrated higher density and biomass than the other sites. The impact of seasonal variations on the sampled population was not reduced in this biotope, as in the seagrass beds. Whatever the biotope, the demographic structures of the fish population sampled in the integral reserve ans in the other sites were different: the number of large fishes (matured adults) was always the highest. Species diversity was slightly greater in the seagrass bed sites of the integral reserve, but site variations were not significant. This was also true for rocky substrata; in contrast, lesser seasonal differences were recorded in the integral reserve than outside. Three conclusions can be drawn from these pluriannual observations : 1) The reserve effect is real, not just theorical, and affects the fish population in both rocks and seagrass beds. 2) The two sites studied, the Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and rocky sustrata, react very differently to protection which reduces anthropogenic disturbances. These differences may be attributed to the degree of sensitivity of the dominant families (Labridae in the seagrass, Sparidae in rocky susbtrata) to all disturbances. 3) The reserve effect comprises both a refuge ans a buffer effect. The refuge effect is the most traditionnally highlightened and is characterized by more large fishes adn a greater variety of species and noble fishes (Dicentrarchus labrax, sparus aurata, Epinephelus marginatus, Sciaena umbra). The buffer effect, never shomn in previous studies, is characterized by the fact that the impact of seasonal variations on parameters such as density, biomass, and diversity is consederably lessened.

}, keywords = {biotope, buffer zone, comparison, Corsica, deep water, density, Dicentrarchus labrax, diversity, dusky, environment, Epinephelus marginatus, fish, France, impact, integral reserve, labridae, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, natural reserve, no-take area, population, Posidonia oceanica, protection, protection effectiveness, reserve effect, rocky shore, Scandola, Sciaena umbra, seagrass, sparidae, Sparus aurata, western Mediterranean}, author = {P. Francour} } @article {375, title = {Guidelines for Establishing Marine Protected Areas}, year = {1992}, edition = {IUCN, in collaboration with Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority}, address = {Gland, Switzerland}, abstract = {

This document deals with the latter two approaches. It recognizes that effective conservation of the marine environment can only be achieved by the creation of integrated management regimes which deal with all human activities and their effects. These regimes will consist either of general regulation of human activities affecting the marine environment supplemented by the provision of special protection for particular areas - small Marine Protected Areas, or of the creation of a much larger Marine Protected Area with levels of protection varying within it according to a zoning plan. In this document the term Marine Protected Area (MPA) applies to marine and estuarine areas.This document presents a framework and identifies components that must be addressed. It draws heavily on some particular examples, but we emphasise that for each marine area within each of the world{\textquoteright}s seas the issues, the opportunities and consequently the form of apparently effective solutions differ. The detail of approaches to marine conservation and the establishment of marine protected areas must be custom designed for each area. This document may help by discussing the issues which should be considered and by describing some common approaches to management problems.

}, keywords = {action plan, biosphere reserve, conservation, ecosystem, environment, establishment, guidelines, history, legislative, management, management tool, marine protected area, methodology, policy, protected area, protection, regulation, selection, zoning, zoning plan}, author = {G. Kelleher and R. Kenchington} } @article {332, title = {Effects of total fishing prohibition on the rocky fish assemblage of Medes Islands marine reserve (NW Mediterranean)}, journal = {Science Marine}, year = {1990}, abstract = {

Visual scuba diving censuces used to assess the effects of fishing prohibition on abundance and size structure of littoral fish populations by comparing the same benthinc communities inside and outside the protected area of Medes Islands (NE Catalonia, Spain). The total number of species found was 43 in the reserve and 44 outside, but the mean value of species richness per sampling station was significantly higher in the protected area. However, H{\textquoteright} here diversity, heavily affected by the presence or absence of large schools of pelagic species, showed no significant differences between sites. The prohibition of fishing for 6 years is the first factor affecting the quantitative and the qualitative structure of fish populations ("reserve effect"), and depth is the second factor. Thus, except in the cases of Serranus cabrilla and Mullus surmuletus, all other vulnerable species are highly sensitive to the protection measures. The siez stricture of all vulnerable species was found to be absolutely different at the reserve sites than in the unprotected zones, an the modal size classes os size frequency distributions were always higher in the reserve than outside. The reserve effect was significantly responsible of the differences observed in this change on size structure. Some highly vulnerable species, such as Epinephelus guaza and Sciena umbra, have only been found in the protected areas Others, such as Sparus aurata, Diplodus cervinus and Dicentrarchus labrax, were much frequent inside the reserve.

}, keywords = {assemblage, depth, Dicentrarchus labrax, Diplodus cervinus, Diplodus fish, distribution, diversity, dusky, Epinephelus guaza, fish, fish assemblage, fishing prohibition, island, labridae, littoral, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Moronidae, mullidae, Mullus surmuletus, population, protected area, protection, protection measure, reserve effect, Sciaenidae, Sciena umbra, scuba-diving, serranidae, Serranus cabrilla, size, Spain, sparidae, Sparus aurata, species richness, value, vulnerable species, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. Garcia-Rubies and M. Zabala} } @article {454, title = {Management of living resources in the marine reserve of Tabarka Island (Alicante, Spain)}, journal = {Bulletin de la soci{\`e}t{\'e} zoologique de France}, volume = {114}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

The Marine Reserve of Tabarca is intented to be a protected zone of the environment ans also an area which is subject to a rational management policy, permitting traditionnal fishing methods, such as selective artisanal techniques, in use around the island, depending on locality and season. Bearing this inming, an extensive zone (1400ha) has been divided into three areas, each subject to a different degree of management : an integral, protecting area, a dumping area, and a transitional or peripheria area. Fishing activities (fiwed inshore trap nets or morunos ans trawl-lines or curricanes) are allowed in the second and the thrid areas. In order to protect certain zones, some structures which prevent trawling (wooden bulls, cubis concrete blocks) were sunk. A pyramidal, alveolar reef was also exposed in order to observe fish behaviour.

}, keywords = {artificial reef, buffer zone, comparison, environment, fish, fishery, fishing prohibition, island, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, policy, protected area, Spain, Tabarca, trawling, visual census, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {A-A. Ramos and J. Bayle-Sempere} } @article {262, title = {Effects of depth and marine reserve fishing restrictions on the structure of a rocky reef fish assemblage in the north-western Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Applied Ecology}, year = {1983}, chapter = {357-369}, abstract = {

A scuba diving census, in whichabundance and size class of structure of conspicuous fish species were determined, was used to assess the effects of depth ans marine reserve fishing restrictions on the structure oe a Mediterranean rocsky reef fish assemblage by comparing communities at sites from two depth ranges inside and outside a marine reserve.The total assemblage had thirty-fice conspicuous species and was dominated by labriadae (13 spp.) and sparidae (9 spp.).Mean species richchness (number of species) and diversity (Shannon) did not differ between sites.Ordination of abundance data showed that occurence and relative abundance of species was affected by depth (deep samples separated completely from shallow samples) and marine reserve status (samples from the marine reserve were significantly separated from those taken at the same depth outside the reserve).Samples from the same depth were similar, because the majority of species showed a preference fro either deep ar shallow areas. The known biology of several species indicated that feeding requirements may be responsible for depth preferences.Samples from reserve sites had signficantly higher sensities of hish species sought after and/or vulnerable to local fishing methods, than those from non-reserve sites of similar depth.Size frequency distributions of vulnerable species at reserve sites generally had a larger modal size class than distribution from non-reserve sites.The data suggest that reduced fishing pressure in the reserve has provided effective protection for species vulnerable to fishing.

}, keywords = {assemblage, biology, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, depth, distribution, diversity, fish, fish assemblage, France, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection, reef fish assemblage, scuba-diving, size, sparidae, unprotected area, visual census, vulnerable species, western Mediterranean}, author = {Bell} }